Abstract
Investigations on the changes in pore water pressures and stress during the construction of stiffened deep cement mixing (SDCM) piles are scarce, resulting in an unsatisfactory understanding of the bearing capacity formation process. Thus, this paper presents a preliminary field study to investigate the variation characteristics of pore water pressures, total stress and effective stress during the construction of SDCM piles derived from field tests. In the meantime, cone penetration tests (CPTs) were conducted before and after the construction of SDCM piles. The results show that the variation ranges of pore water pressure, total stress and effective stress of soils around piles decreased with increasing distance between the measuring point and piles when the depths of the measuring points were the same. During the piling process, the effective stress increased by approximately 53–103%, and the pile side frictions increased accordingly, while the tip resistance and side resistance values of soils around piles increased by 27–106% and 2–145%, respectively. Additionally, SDCM piles successively formed different load-bearing components with decreasing bearing capacity along the pile diameter direction, which realized a better bearing efficiency than conventional piles made with homogeneous materials. In essence, they were also the source of significant economic advantages of SDCM piles. Through this study, we expect to provide a reference for further studies on the bearing mechanism of SDCM piles in soft soil regions.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, [Rui Zhu], upon reasonable request.
References
Wang C, Xu YF, Dong P (2014) Working characteristics of concrete-cored deep cement mixing piles under embankments. J Zhejiang Univ Sci A (Appl Phys Eng) 15(6):419–431
Li JC, Deng YG, Song GH, Ling GH (2009) Analysis of load-bearing mechanism of composite foundation of plain concrete reinforced cement-soil mixing piles. Rock Soil Mech 30(1):181–185 ((in Chinese))
Phutthananon C, Jongpradist P, Dias D et al (2022) Reliability-based settlement analysis of embankments over soft soils reinforced with T-shaped deep cement mixing piles. Front Struct Civ Eng 16(5):638–656
Phutthananon C, Jongpradist P, Yensri P et al (2018) Dependence of ultimate bearing capacity and failure behavior of T-shaped deep cement mixing piles on enlarged cap shape and pile strength. Comput Geotech 97:27–41
Bergado DT, Long PV, Chaiyaput S, Balasubramaniam AS (2018) Prefabricated Vertical Drain (PVD) and Deep Cement Mixing (DCM)/Stiffened DCM (SDCM) techniques for soft ground improvement. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 143:012002
Wonglert A, Jongpradist P (2015) Impact of reinforced core on performance and failure behavior of stiffened deep cement mixing piles. Comput Geotech 69:93–104
Jamsawang P, Bergado DT, Bandari A, Voottipruex P (2013) Investigation and simulation of behavior of stiffened deep cement mixing (SDCM) piles. Int J Geotech Eng 2(3):229–246
Jamsawang P, Bergado DT, Voottipruex P (2015) Ground improvement case histories (Chapter 2). Butterworth-Heinemann Elsevier Ltd, Oxford, United Kingdom
Sukkarak R, Jongpradist P, Kongkitkul W et al (2021) Investigation on load-carrying capacity of geogrid-encased deep cement mixing piles. Geosynth Int 28(5):450–463
Wonglert A, Jongpradist P, Jamsawang P, Larsson S (2018) Bearing capacity and failure behaviors of floating stiffened deep cement mixing columns under axial load. Soils Found 58(2):446–461
Voottipruex P, Jamsawang P, Sukontasukkul P, Jongpradist P, Horpibulsuk S, Chindaprasirt P (2019) Performances of SDCM and DCM walls under deep excavation in soft clay: field tests and 3D simulations. Soils Found 59(6):1728–1739
Lin KQ, Wong IH (1999) Use of deep cement mixing to reduce settlements at bridge approaches. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 125(4):309–320
Taghavi A, Muraleetharan KK, Miller GA (2017) Nonlinear seismic behavior of pile groups in cement-improved soft clay. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 99:189–202
Zakeri A, Liedtke E, Cluket EC et al (2014) Long-term axial capacity of deepwater jetted piles. Geotechnique 64(12):966–980
Ho TO, Dan T, Chen WB, Yin JH (2020) Evaluating the environmental impact of contaminated sediment column stabilized by deep cement mixing. Chemosphere 261:127755
Wang AH, Zhang DW, Deng YG (2018) A simplified approach for axial response of single precast concrete piles in cement-treated soil. Int J Civ Eng 16:1491–1501
Wang AH, Zhang DW, Deng YG (2018) Lateral response of single piles in cement-improved soil: numerical and theoretical investigation. Comput Geotech 102:164–178
Wang AH, Zhang DW (2020) Lateral response and failure mechanisms of rigid piles in soft soils under geosynthetic-reinforced embankment. Int J Civ Eng 18(2):169–184
Du GY, Wang AH, Li LY, Zhang DW (2018) Calculation approach for lateral bearing capacity of single precast concrete piles with improved soil surrounds. Adv Civ Eng 2018:5127927
Voottipruex P, Bergado DT, Suksawat T, Jamsawang P, Cheang W (2011) Behavior and simulation of deep cement mixing (DCM) and stiffened deep cement mixing (SDCM) piles under full scale loading. Soils Found 51(2):307–320
Voottipruex P, Suksawat T, Bergado DT, Jamsawang P (2011) Numerical simulations and parametric study of SDCM and DCM piles under full scale axial and lateral loads. Comput Geotech 38(3):318–329
Bergado DT, Voottipruex P, Jamsawang P (2011) Field behaviour of stiffened deep cement mixing piles. Proc Inst Civ Eng Ground Improv 164(1):33–49
Qian YJ, Xu ZW, Deng YG, Sun GM (2013) Engineering application and test analysis of strength composite piles. Chin J Geotech Eng 35(S2):998–1001 ((in Chinese))
Raongjant W, Jing M (2013) Field testing of stiffened deep cement mixing piles under lateral cyclic loading. Earthq Eng Eng Vib 12:261–265
CDC (2008) Technical code for building pile foundations (JGJ 94–2008). China Building Industry Press, Beijing, China
Poulos HG, Davis EH (1980) Pile foundation analysis and design. John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA
Fellenius BH (2021) Basics of Foundation Design. Electronic Edition, www. Fellenius. net
Li LY (2016) Study on bearing characteristics of SDCM piles. Southeast University, Nanjing, China ((in Chinese))
Acknowledgements
This work is funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (Nos. BK20220356), the Opening Fund of Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention of Hilly Mountains, Ministry of Natural Resources (Fu-jian Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention) (FJKLGH2023K005), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2023M744276) and the Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (SJCX23_0495).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have declared that no conflict interests exist.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Zhu, R., Zhou, F., Wang, X. et al. Pore Water Pressure and Stress Changes During the Construction of Stiffened Deep Cement Mixing Piles. Int J Civ Eng (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-024-00965-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-024-00965-2