Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Experimental Study of the Hydraulic Performance of D-Type Triangular Piano Key Weirs

  • Research paper
  • Published:
International Journal of Civil Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Piano key weirs are a new type of weir designed to enhance the discharge capacity of dams. The present study is aimed at experimentally evaluating the hydraulic characteristics of a D-type triangular piano key weir. The purpose of these experiments was to study the flow regime, the stage-discharge relationship, and the effect of h/P ratio on the discharge coefficient. The results indicated that the discharge coefficient in D-type triangular piano key weirs was higher than that of rectangular ones, and it varied in the range of \(0.48 < C_{d} < 1.6\) and \(0.6 <\) (with and without a downstream ramp, respectively). Moreover, under similar laboratory conditions, the results showed that the discharge coefficient of the piano key weir is higher than that of the linear weir. The increase in the discharge coefficient of the piano key weirs, compared to linear weirs, can be up to three times in low heads. Finally, to predict the discharge coefficient of the piano key weirs, an equation was proposed for two cases, i.e., with a downstream ramp and without a downstream ramp.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Machiels O, Erpicum S, Dewals B, Archambeau P, Pirotton M (2011) Experimental observation of flow characteristics over a piano key weir. J Hydraul Res 49(3):359–366. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2011.567761

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Tullis BP, Young JC, Chandler MA (2007) Head-discharge relationships for submerged labyrinth weirs. J Hydraul Eng 133(3):248–254. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2007)133:3(248)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Anderson RM, Tullis BP (2012) Comparison of piano key and rectangular labyrinth weir hydraulics. J Hydraul Eng 138(4):358–361. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000509

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Blanc P, Lempérière F (2001) Labyrinth spillways have a promising future. Int J Hydropower Dams 8(4):129–131. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001646

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Machiels O (2012) Experimental study of the hydraulic behaviour of Piano Key Weirs Doctoral dissertation, Université de Liège, Belgium.

  6. Laugier F (2007) Design and construction of the first Piano Key Weir (PKW) spillway at the Goulours dam. J Hydropower Dams 14(5):94–101

    Google Scholar 

  7. Anderson R, Tullis B (2011) Influence of piano key weir geometry on discharge. Presented at the meeting of Proceedings of International Conference Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs Liège B. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 75–80

    Google Scholar 

  8. Erpicum S, Machiels O, Archambeau P, Dewals B, Pirotton M (2011) 1D numerical modeling of the flow over a Piano Key Weir. Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs-PKW. CRC Press, London, pp 151–158

    Google Scholar 

  9. Lempérière F, Vigny JP, Ouamane A (2011) General comments on Labyrinths and Piano Key Weirs: the past and present. Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs-PKW. CRC Press, London, pp 17–24

    Book  Google Scholar 

  10. Ribeiro M, Pfister M, Schleiss A, Boillat J (2012) Hydraulic design of A-type Piano Key Weirs. J Hydraul Res 50(4):400–408. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2012.695041

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Lempérière F, Ouamane A (2003) The Piano Keys weir: a new cost-effective solution for spillways. Int J Hydropower Dams 10(5):144–149

    Google Scholar 

  12. Schleiss AJ (2011) From labyrinth to piano key weirs: a historical review. In: Chi M (ed) Labyrinth and Piano Key weirs (PKW). CRC Press, Leiden, pp 3–15

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  13. Anderson RM, Tullis BP (2012) Piano key weir: reservoir versus channel application. J Irrig Drain Eng 138(8):773–776. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000464

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Kabiri-Samani A, Javaheri A (2012) Discharge coefficient for free and submerged flow over piano key weirs. J Hydraul Res 50(1):114–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2011.647888

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Mehboudi A, Attari J, Hosseini A (2016) Experimental study of discharge coefficient for trapezoidal piano key weirs. J Flow Meas Instrum 50:65–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2016.06.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Shahabirad N (2015) Study of flow hydraulic over Piano Key spillway, Master Thesis hydraulic structures. Sari University, pp 164 (In Persian)

  17. Safarzadeh A, Norozi B (2013) Experimental and numerical study on hydraulics of the Piano Key weirs with modified keys. J Iran Dam Hydroelectr Powerpl 5(16):36–47 (In Persian)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Crookston BM, Anderson RM, Tullis BP (2018) Free flow discharge estimation method for Piano Key weir geometries. J Hydro-Environ Res 19:160–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jher.2017.10.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Karimi M, Attari J, Saneie M, Jalili Ghazizadeh MR (2018) Side weir flow characteristics: comparison of Piano Key, Labyrinth, and linear types. J Hydraul Eng 144(12):04018075. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001539

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Karimi CM, Nazari N, Mahmoodian SM (2019) Investigating the effect of a parapet wall on the hydraulic performance of an arced piano key weir. J Hydraul Res. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2019.1573762

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Safarrazavi Zadeh M, Esmaeili Varaki M, Biabani R (2019) Experimental study on flow over sinusoidal and semicircular labyrinth weirs. ISH J Hydraul Eng. https://doi.org/10.1080/09715010.2019.1644679

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Ghanbari R, Heidarnejad M (2020) Experimental and numerical analysis of flow hydraulics in triangular and rectangular Piano Key weirs. Water Sci J. https://doi.org/10.1080/11104929.2020.1724649

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Bos MG (1976) Discharge measurement structures. International Institute for land Reclamation and Employment/LIRI, Wageningen, pp 107–126

    Google Scholar 

  24. Novak P, Cabelka J (1981) Models in hydraulic engineering. Pitman, London

    Google Scholar 

  25. Henderson FM (1966) Open channel flow. Macmillan, New York

    Google Scholar 

  26. French RH (1987) Open-channel hydraulics. MCGRAW-Hill International Editions, London, pp 336–339

    Google Scholar 

  27. Johnson MC (2000) Discharge coefficient analysis for flat-topped and sharp-crested weirs. J Irrig Sci 19(3):133–137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002719900009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Falvey HT (2002) Hydraulics design of labyrinth weirs. ASCE, Reston

    Book  Google Scholar 

  29. Machiels O, Erpicum S, Archambeau P, Dewals BJ, Pirotton M (2011) Influence of piano key weir height on its discharge capacity. International conference on Labyrinth and Piano Key weirs. CRC Press, London, pp 59–66

    Google Scholar 

  30. Tullis P, Amanian N, Waldron D (1995) Design of labyrinth weir spillways. J Hydrol Eng 121(3):247–255. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1995)121:3(247)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Civil, Water and Hydraulic Structure Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran

    Forough Alizadeh Sanami & Mohammad Hadi Afshar

  2. Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran

    Mojtaba Saneie

Authors
  1. Forough Alizadeh Sanami
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mojtaba Saneie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mohammad Hadi Afshar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mojtaba Saneie.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Alizadeh Sanami, F., Saneie, M. & Afshar, M.H. Experimental Study of the Hydraulic Performance of D-Type Triangular Piano Key Weirs. Int J Civ Eng 19, 1209–1220 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-021-00630-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-021-00630-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation