Abstract
The objective of this research was to investigate the engineering properties and mix design of geopolymer mortar made using fly ash, natural zeolite and ground granulated blast furnace slag as source material and combination of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate as alkaline activator. To study the effect of sodium hydroxide concentration on compressive strength, three different sodium hydroxide solutions (8, 10 and 12 M) were used. The ratio of sodium silicate/sodium hydroxide was varied from 1.0, 2.0 to 3.0. The test results demonstrate that the compressive strength of developed geopolymer mortar increases with increase in the concentration of sodium hydroxide solution and sodium silicate content in the activator. The average maximum compressive strength was obtained when the sodium hydroxide concentration was 12 M and sodium silicate content was 3.0. At higher alkali content, the water absorption is less due to lower void spaces. The utilization of industrial waste materials such as fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag and natural pozzolans such as zeolite would lead to significant economic and environmental benefits in geopolymer production.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Mehta PK (2010) Sustainable cements and concrete for the climate change era–a review. In: Proceedings of The Second International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies. Universita Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, pp 1–10
Olivier JGK, Janssens-Maenhout G, Peters JAHW (2012) Trends in global CO2 emissions; report. PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague
Davidovits J (1979) Synthesis of new high-temperature geopolymers for reinforced plastics and composites. SPE PACTEC′79, Costa Mesa, pp 151–154
Davidovits J (1994) Global warming impact on the cement and aggregates industries. World Resour Rev 6(2):263–278
Mellado A, Catalán C, Bouzón N, Borrachero MV, Monzó JM, Payá J (2014) Carbon footprint of geopolymeric mortar: study of the contribution of the alkaline activating solution and assessment of an alternative route. RSC Adv 4(45):23846–23852. doi:10.1039/C4RA03375B
Hariharan A, Santhi A, Mohan Ganesh G (2015) Statistical model to predict the mechanical properties of binary and ternary blended concrete using regression analysis. Int J Civ Eng 13(3):331–340
Topçu IB, Toprak MU (2011) Properties of geopolymer from circulating fluidized bed combustion coal bottom ash. Mater Sci Eng A 528(3):1472–1477
Atis CD, Gorur EB, Bilim C, Ilkentapar S, Luga E (2015) Very high strength (120 MPa) class F fly ash geopolymer mortar activated at different NaOH amount, heat curing temperature and heat curing duration. Constr Build Mater 96:73–678
Karakoc MB, Turkmen I, Maras MM, Kantarcı F, Demirboga R, Toprak MU (2014) Mechanical properties and setting time of ferrochrome slag based geopolymer paste and mortar. Constr Build Mater 12(72):283–292
Allahverdi A, Mahinroosta M (2014) A model for prediction of compressive strength of chemically activated high phosphorous slag content cement. Int J Civ Eng 12(4):481–487
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (1994) ASTM C618-94a, Standard specification for coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for use as a mineral admixture in Portland Cement concrete. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 04.02. ASTM, Philadelphia
Turkish Standard Institute-TS (2006) EN 15167-1, Ground granulated blast furnace slag for use in concrete, mortar and grout—Part 1: definitions, specifications and conformity criteria. TSI, Ankara
Turkish Standard Institute-TS EN 196–1 (2009) Methods of testing cement-Part 1: Determination of strength. TSI, Ankara
ASTM C230, C230M-14 (2014) Standard specification for flow table for use in tests of hydraulic cement. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia
Memon FA, Nuruddin MF, Khan S, Shafiq N, Ayub T (2013) Effect of sodium hydroxide concentration on fresh properties and compressive strength of self-compacting geopolymer concrete. J Eng Sci Technol 8(1):44–56
Bakri AMMA, Kamarudin H, Bnhussain M, Khairul Nizar I, Rafiza AR, Zarina Y (2011) Microstructure of different NaOH molarity of fly ash-based green polymeric cement. J Eng Technol Res 3(2):44–49
Palomo A, Grutzeck MW, Blanco MT (1999) Alkali-activated fly ashes. a cement for future. Cem Concr Res 29(8):1323–1329
Hardjito D, Cheak CC, Lee ICH (2008) Strength and setting time of low calcium fly ash-based geopolymer mortar. Mod Appl Sci 2(4):3–11
Rattanasak U, Chindaprasirt P (2009) Influence of NaOH solution on the synthesis of fly ash geopolymer. Miner Eng 22(12):1073–1078
Allahverdi A, Shaverdi B, Najafi Kani E (2010) Influence of sodium oxide on properties of fresh and hardened paste of alkali-activated blast-furnace slag. Int J Civ Eng 8(4):304–314
Hardjito D, Rangan BV (2005) Development and properties of low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. Research Report, Faculty of Engineering, Curtin University of Technology, Australia
Xu H, Van Deventer JSJ (2002) Geopolymerisation of multiple minerals. Miner Eng 15:1131–1139
Lee WKW, Van Deventer JSJ (2002) The effects of inorganic salt contamination on the strength and durability of geopolymers. Colloid Surf Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 211(2–3):115–126
Villa C, Pecina E, Torres R, Gomez L (2010) Geopolymer synthesis using alkaline activation of natural zeolite. Constr Build Mater 24(11):2084–2090
Rangan BV, Wallah SE, Sumajouw D, Hardjito D (2006) Heat-cured, low-calcium, fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. Indian Concr J 80(6):47–52
Hardjito D, Wallah SE, Sumajouw DMJ, Rangan BV (2004) On the development of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. ACI Mater J 101(6):467–472
Kovalchuk G, Fernández-Jiménez A, Palomo A (2007) Alkali-activated fly ash: effect of thermal curing conditions on mechanical and microstructural development–Part II, review article. Fuel 86(3):315–322
Criado M, Palomo A, Fernández-Jiménez A (2005) Alkali activation of fly ashes. Part 1: Effect of curing conditions on the carbonation of the reaction products. Fuel 84(16):2048–2054
Maghsoodloorad H, Allahverdi A (2016) Efflorescence formation and control in alkali-activated phosphorus slag cement. Int J Civ Eng 14(6):425–438. doi:10.1007/s40999-016-0027-0
Acknowledgements
This research has been supported by Balikesir University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Department with Project Number: 2012/27.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Değirmenci, F.N. Utilization of Natural and Waste Pozzolans as an Alternative Resource of Geopolymer Mortar. Int J Civ Eng 16, 179–188 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-016-0115-1
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-016-0115-1