Abstract
Air pollution, driven by nitric oxide (NOx) and sulphur oxide (SOx) emissions from heavy traffic and industries, poses global environmental and public health challenges. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) in concrete, harnessing its photocatalytic action under ultraviolet (UV) radiation, emerges as a promising solution for addressing air pollution and achieving sustainable construction practices. It is imperative to comprehend the efficiency factors to ensure the effective implementation of photocatalytic concrete in real-world applications. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the factors influencing the efficiency of photocatalytic concrete including environmental conditions, TiO2 characteristics, and operational parameters. Additionally, challenges related to long-term performance, environmental impact, and economic viability are discussed. Future research directions and potential solutions to overcome these challenges are also highlighted. Overall, this review offers valuable insights into the current state of photocatalytic concrete technology, its limitations, and the opportunities for its advancement in sustainable construction practices.
Graphical Abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alonso-Tellez A, Robert D, Keller V, Keller N (2014) H2S photocatalytic oxidation over WO3/TiO2 Hombikat UV100. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21:3503–3514. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-2329-y
Amor F, Ingrišová L, Rácová Z et al (2022) Effect of TiO2 and ZnO powder mixtures on mechanical and photocatalytic performance of high performance concrete. Acta Polytech CTU Proc 33:15–19. https://doi.org/10.14311/APP.2022.33.0015
Ansari MA, Shariq M, Mahdi F (2023a) Geopolymer concrete for clean and sustainable construction: a state-of-the-art review on the mix design approaches. Structures 55:1045–1070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2023.06.089
Ansari SS, Shariq M, Mohammad Z et al (2023b) Effect of elevated temperature on the structural performance of reinforced high volume fly ash concrete. Structures 57:105168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2023.105168
Ao CH, Lee SC (2003) Enhancement effect of TiO2 immobilized on activated carbon filter for the photodegradation of pollutants at typical indoor air level. Appl Catal B 44:191–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-3373(03)00054-7
Arslan ME, Emiroğlu M, Yalama A (2017) Structural behavior of rammed earth walls under lateral cyclic loading: a comparative experimental study. Constr Build Mater 133:433–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.093
Baaloudj O, Nasrallah N, Kenfoud H et al (2023) Polyaniline/Bi12TiO20 hybrid system for cefixime removal by combining adsorption and photocatalytic degradation. ChemEngineering 7:4. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering7010004
Badawi AK, Fahim IS (2021) A critical review on green corrosion inhibitors based on plant extracts: advances and potential presence in the market. Int J Corros Scale Inhibit. https://doi.org/10.17675/2305-6894-2021-10-4-2
Badawi AK, Ismail B, Baaloudj O, Abdalla KZ (2022) Advanced wastewater treatment process using algal photo-bioreactor associated with dissolved-air flotation system: a pilot-scale demonstration. J Water Process Eng 46:102565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.102565
Badawi AK, Salama RS, Mostafa MMM (2023) Natural-based coagulants/flocculants as sustainable market-valued products for industrial wastewater treatment: a review of recent developments. RSC Adv 13:19335–19355. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3RA01999C
Ballari MM, Brouwers HJH (2013) Full scale demonstration of air-purifying pavement. J Hazard Mater 254–255:406–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.02.012
Ballari MM, Hunger M, Hüsken G, Brouwers HJH (2010a) NOx photocatalytic degradation employing concrete pavement containing titanium dioxide. Appl Catal B 95:245–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2010.01.002
Ballari MM, Hunger M, Hüsken G, Brouwers HJH (2010b) Modelling and experimental study of the NOx photocatalytic degradation employing concrete pavement with titanium dioxide. Catal Today 151:71–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2010.03.042
Bar-Ilan O, Chuang CC, Schwahn DJ et al (2013) TiO2 nanoparticle exposure and illumination during zebrafish development: mortality at parts per billion concentrations. Environ Sci Technol 47:4726–4733. https://doi.org/10.1021/es304514r
Bastos G, Patiño-Barbeito F, Patiño-Cambeiro F, Armesto J (2016) Nano-inclusions applied in cement-matrix composites: a review. Materials 9:1015. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9121015
Bauleo L, Bucci S, Antonucci C et al (2019) Long-term exposure to air pollutants from multiple sources and mortality in an industrial area: a cohort study. Occup Environ Med 76:48–57. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2018-105059
Bengtsson N, Castellote M (2010) Photocatalytic activity for NO degradation by construction materials: parametric study andmultivariable correlations. J Adv Oxid Technol. https://doi.org/10.1515/jaots-2010-0311
Bianchi CL, Pirola C, Galli F et al (2015) Pigmentary TiO2: a challenge for its use as photocatalyst in NOx air purification. Chem Eng J 261:76–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.03.078
Bogutyn S, Arboleda C, Bordelon A, Tikalsky P (2015) Rejuvenation techniques for mortar containing photocatalytic TiO2 material. Constr Build Mater 96:96–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.192
Boonen E, Beeldens A (2014) Recent photocatalytic applications for air purification in Belgium. Coatings 4:553–573. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings4030553
Bossa N, Chaurand P, Levard C et al (2017) Environmental exposure to TiO2 nanomaterials incorporated in building material. Environ Pollut 220:1160–1170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.019
Brancher M, Franco D, de Melo LH (2016) Photocatalytic oxidation of H2S in the gas phase over TiO2 -coated glass fiber filter. Environ Technol 37:2852–2864. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2016.1167250
Brovelli C, Crispino M (2013) Photocatalytic suspension for road pavements: investigation on wearing and contaminant effects. J Mater Civ Eng 25:548–554. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000614
Cardellicchio L (2020) Self-cleaning and colour-preserving efficiency of photocatalytic concrete: case study of the jubilee church in Rome. Build Res Inf 48:160–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2019.1622405
Carp O (2004) Photoinduced reactivity of titanium dioxide. Prog Solid State Chem 32:33–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progsolidstchem.2004.08.001
Cassar L (2004) Photocatalysis of cementitious materials: clean buildings and clean air. MRS Bull 29:328–331. https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs2004.99
Chaisiwamongkhol K, Manoyen N, Suttiponparnit K et al (2017) Development of gas flow reactor with on-line monitoring system for nitrogen dioxide removal. Microchem J 135:199–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2017.09.011
Chen C, Tang B, Cao X et al (2021) Enhanced photocatalytic decomposition of NO on Portland cement concrete pavement using nano-TiO2 suspension. Constr Build Mater 275:122135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.122135
Chen J, Kou S, Poon C (2012) Hydration and properties of nano-TiO2 blended cement composites. Cem Concr Compos 34:642–649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.02.009
Chen J, Poon C (2009) Photocatalytic construction and building materials: from fundamentals to applications. Build Environ 44:1899–1906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.01.002
Chen M, Chu J-W (2011) NOx photocatalytic degradation on active concrete road surface—from experiment to real-scale application. J Clean Prod 19:1266–1272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.03.001
Chen M, Liu Y (2010) NOx removal from vehicle emissions by functionality surface of asphalt road. J Hazard Mater 174:375–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.09.062
Choi H-J, Yoo D-Y, Park G-J, Park J-J (2021) Photocatalytic high-performance fiber-reinforced cement composites with white Portland cement, titanium dioxide, and surface treated polyethylene fibers. J Market Res 15:785–800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.08.027
Churchill CJ, Panesar DK (2013) Life-cycle cost analysis of highway noise barriers designed with photocatalytic cement. Struct Infrastruct Eng 9:983–998. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2011.653574
Cordero JM, Hingorani R, Jimenez-Relinque E et al (2021) Challenges in quantification of photocatalytic NO2 abatement effectiveness under real world exposure conditions illustrated by a case study. Sci Total Environ 766:144393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144393
Cubillos Sanabria H, Yu Q, Brouwers H (2012) Photocatalytic oxidation of NOx under indoor conditions using a functional wall covering. In: Proceedings of the 18th Ibausil, International conference on building materials (Internationale Baustofftagung), Weimar, Germany. Citeseer, pp 12–15
de Melo JVS, Trichês G (2012) Evaluation of the influence of environmental conditions on the efficiency of photocatalytic coatings in the degradation of nitrogen oxides (NOx). Build Environ 49:117–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.09.016
de Melo JVS, Trichês G, Gleize PJP, Villena J (2012) Development and evaluation of the efficiency of photocatalytic pavement blocks in the laboratory and after one year in the field. Constr Build Mater 37:310–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.07.073
de Rosso LT, de Melo JVS (2023) Translucent photocatalytic concrete blocks for paving: impact of service life on the textural characteristics and photocatalytic efficiency. Mater Struct 56:142. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-023-02233-6
Demeestere K, Dewulf J, De Witte B et al (2008) Heterogeneous photocatalytic removal of toluene from air on building materials enriched with TiO2. Build Environ 43:406–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2007.01.016
Dey S, Dhal GC, Mohan D, Prasad R (2018) Synthesis and characterization of AgCoO2 catalyst for oxidation of CO at a low temperature. Polyhedron 155:102–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poly.2018.08.027
Di Paola A, Bellardita M, Palmisano L (2013) Brookite, the least known TiO2 photocatalyst. Catalysts 3:36–73. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal3010036
Diamond SA, Kennedy AJ, Melby NL et al (2017) Assessment of the potential hazard of nano-scale TiO2 in photocatalytic cement: application of a tiered assessment framework. NanoImpact 8:11–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2017.06.006
Dikkar H, Kapre V, Diwan A, Sekar SK (2021) Titanium dioxide as a photocatalyst to create self-cleaning concrete. Mater Today Proc 45:4058–4062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.10.948
Dubosc A, Escadeillas G, Blanc PJ (2001) Characterization of biological stains on external concrete walls and influence of concrete as underlying material. Cem Concr Res 31:1613–1617. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00613-5
Dylla H, Hassan MM, Schmitt M et al (2011) Laboratory investigation of the effect of mixed nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen oxide gases on titanium dioxide photocatalytic efficiency in concrete pavements. J Mater Civ Eng 23:1087–1093. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000248
Elawwad A, Karam A, Zaher K (2017) Using an Algal photo-bioreactor as a polishing step for secondary treated wastewater. Pol J Environ Stud 26:1493–1500
Enea D (2013) Recent development on self‐cleaning cementitious coatings. In: Self‐cleaning materials and surfaces. Wiley, pp 33–56
Essroc Italcementi Group (2008) Tx active: the photocatalytic active principle
Faisal S, Kumar Patra A (2022) Investigation on photocatalytic and structural characteristics of normal concrete using TiO2 at ambient temperature. Mater Today Proc 68:164–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.08.425
Feng LC, Gong CW, Wu YP et al (2012) The study on mechanical properties and microstructure of cement paste with nano-TiO2. Adv Mat Res 629:477–481. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.629.477
Fernández-Pampillón J, Palacios M, Núñez L et al (2021) NOx depolluting performance of photocatalytic materials in an urban area—part i: monitoring ambient impact. Atmos Environ 251:118190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118190
Fischer K, Gawel A, Rosen D et al (2017) Low-temperature synthesis of Anatase/Rutile/Brookite TiO2 nanoparticles on a polymer membrane for photocatalysis. Catalysts 7:209. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal7070209
Folli A, Pade C, Hansen TB et al (2012) TiO2 photocatalysis in cementitious systems: insights into self-cleaning and depollution chemistry. Cem Concr Res 42:539–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.12.001
Folli A, Strøm M, Madsen TP et al (2015) Field study of air purifying paving elements containing TiO2. Atmos Environ 107:44–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.02.025
Fujishima A, Rao TN, Tryk DA (2000) Titanium dioxide photocatalysis. J Photochem Photobiol C Photochem Rev 1:1–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1389-5567(00)00002-2
Fujishima A, Zhang X, Tryk D (2008) TiO2 photocatalysis and related surface phenomena. Surf Sci Rep 63:515–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfrep.2008.10.001
Fujishima F (1999) TiO2 photocatalysis fundamentals and applications. A revolution in cleaning technology, pp 14–21
Ganesh VA, Raut HK, Nair AS, Ramakrishna S (2011) A review on self-cleaning coatings. J Mater Chem 21:16304. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1jm12523k
Genzer J, Marmur A (2008) Biological and synthetic self-cleaning surfaces. MRS Bull 33:742–746. https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs2008.159
George C, Beeldens A, Barmpas F et al (2016) Impact of photocatalytic remediation of pollutants on urban air quality. Front Environ Sci Eng 10:2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-016-0834-1
Grześkowiak M, Wróbel RJ, Moszyński D et al (2014) TiO2 supported on quartz wool for photocatalytic oxidation of hydrogen sulphide. Adsorpt Sci Technol 32:765–773. https://doi.org/10.1260/0263-6174.32.10.765
Guerrini GL, Peccati E (2007) Photocatalytic cementitious roads for depollution. In: International RILEM symposium on photocatalysis, environment and construction materials. RILEM, pp 179–186
Guesmi A, Cherif MM, Baaloudj O et al (2022) Disinfection of corona and myriad viruses in water by non-thermal plasma: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29:55321–55335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21160-7
Guo M-Z, Ling T-C, Poon C-S (2013) Nano-TiO2-based architectural mortar for NO removal and bacteria inactivation: influence of coating and weathering conditions. Cem Concr Compos 36:101–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.08.006
Hamidi F, Aslani F (2019) TiO2-based photocatalytic cementitious composites: materials, properties, influential parameters, and assessment techniques. Nanomaterials 9:1444. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9101444
Han B, Zhang L, Ou J (2017) Photocatalytic concrete. In: Smart and multifunctional concrete toward sustainable infrastructures. Springer Singapore, Singapore, pp 299–311
Hanus MJ, Harris AT (2013) Nanotechnology innovations for the construction industry. Prog Mater Sci 58:1056–1102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2013.04.001
Hasanbeigi A, Price L, Lin E (2012) Emerging energy-efficiency and CO2 emission-reduction technologies for cement and concrete production: a technical review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 16:6220–6238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.07.019
Hassan M (2009) Life-cycle assessment of titanium dioxide coatings. Construction research congress 2009. American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, pp 836–845
Hassan M, Mohammad LN, Asadi S et al (2013) Sustainable photocatalytic asphalt pavements for mitigation of nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide vehicle emissions. J Mater Civ Eng 25:365–371. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000613
Hassan M, Mohammad LN, Dylla H, et al (2012a) Laboratory and field evaluation of sustainable photocatalytic asphalt pavements. In: Asphalt paving technology: association of asphalt paving technologists-proceedings of the technical sessions. Association of Asphalt Paving Technologist, pp 1–20
Hassan MM, Dylla H, Asadi S et al (2012b) Laboratory evaluation of environmental performance of photocatalytic titanium dioxide warm-mix asphalt pavements. J Mater Civ Eng 24:599–605. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000408
Hassan MM, Dylla H, Louay N (2010) Effect of application methods on the effectiveness of 5 titanium dioxide as a photocatalyst compound to 6 concrete pavement 7. Transp Res 24:25
Hassan MM, Dylla H, Mohammad LN, Rupnow T (2012c) Methods for the application of titanium dioxide coatings to concrete pavement. Int J Pavement Res Technol 5:12
Herrmann J-M (2010) Photocatalysis fundamentals revisited to avoid several misconceptions. Appl Catal B 99:461–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2010.05.012
Horgnies M, Dubois-Brugger I, Gartner EM (2012) NOx de-pollution by hardened concrete and the influence of activated charcoal additions. Cem Concr Res 42:1348–1355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2012.06.007
Hot J, Topalov J, Ringot E, Bertron A (2017) Investigation on parameters affecting the effectiveness of photocatalytic functional coatings to degrade NO: TiO2 amount on surface, illumination, and substrate roughness. Int J Photoenergy 2017:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6241615
Hüsken G, Hunger M, Brouwers HJH (2009) Experimental study of photocatalytic concrete products for air purification. Build Environ 44:2463–2474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.04.010
International review of the Air Quality Innovation Programme (IPL) (2009) Scientific board review
Jacobi S (2012) NO 2-reduzierung durch photokatalytisch wirksame oberflächen. Modellversuch Fulda, (Hesse, Germany)
Jalvo B, Faraldos M, Bahamonde A, Rosal R (2017) Antimicrobial and antibiofilm efficacy of self-cleaning surfaces functionalized by TiO2 photocatalytic nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas putida. J Hazard Mater 340:160–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.07.005
Janus M, Mądraszewski S, Zając K et al (2019) Photocatalytic activity and mechanical properties of cements modified with TiO2/N. Materials 12:3756. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12223756
Jiménez-Relinque E, Hingorani R, Rubiano F et al (2019) In situ evaluation of the NOx removal efficiency of photocatalytic pavements: statistical analysis of the relevance of exposure time and environmental variables. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:36088–36095. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04322-y
Kaneko M, Okura I (2002) Photocatalysis: science and technology
Kang X, Liu S, Dai Z et al (2019) Titanium dioxide: from engineering to applications. Catalysts 9:191. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9020191
Kataoka S, Lee E, Tejedor-Tejedor MI, Anderson MA (2005) Photocatalytic degradation of hydrogen sulfide and in situ FT-IR analysis of reaction products on surface of TiO2. Appl Catal B 61:159–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2005.04.018
Khannyra S, Luna M, Gil MLA et al (2022) Self-cleaning durability assessment of TiO2/SiO2 photocatalysts coated concrete: effect of indoor and outdoor conditions on the photocatalytic activity. Build Environ 211:108743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108743
Kibanova D, Cervini-Silva J, Destaillats H (2009) Efficiency of clay−TiO2 nanocomposites on the photocatalytic elimination of a model hydrophobic air pollutant. Environ Sci Technol 43:1500–1506. https://doi.org/10.1021/es803032t
Kim YK, Hong SJ, Kim HB, Lee SW (2018) Evaluation of in-situ NOx removal efficiency of photocatalytic concrete in expressways. KSCE J Civ Eng 22:2274–2280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-017-0028-9
King D, Baral A, Roesler JR (2022) Photocatalytic NOx removal efficiency and surface reflectance of carbonated mortars. Constr Build Mater 320:126210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126210
Koch K, Barthlott W (2009) Superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic plant surfaces: an inspiration for biomimetic materials. Philos Trans R Soc A: Math, Phys Eng Sci 367:1487–1509. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2009.0022
Koli VB, Mavengere S, Kim J-S (2019) An efficient one-pot N doped TiO2-SiO2 synthesis and its application for photocatalytic concrete. Appl Surf Sci 491:60–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.06.123
Kolinko PA, Kozlov DV (2009) Products distribution during the gas phase photocatalytic oxidation of ammonia over the various titania based photocatalysts. Appl Catal B 90:126–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2009.03.001
Kujawa W, Didyk-Mucha A, Olewnik-Kruszkowska E et al (2023) Synergistic effect of combined polymorphs anatase-rutile nano-modified lightweight concrete on photocatalytic reduction of NOx, self-cleaning performance, and antimicrobial properties. Buildings 13:1736. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071736
Lee KT, Mohamed AR, Bhatia S, Chu KH (2005) Removal of sulfur dioxide by fly ash/CaO/CaSO4 sorbents. Chem Eng J 114:171–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2005.08.020
Lee SW, Ahn HR, Kim KS, Kim YK (2021) Applicability of TiO2 penetration method to reduce particulate matter precursor for hardened concrete road structures. Sustainability 13:3433. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063433
Levinson R, Akbari H, Berdahl P et al (2010) A novel technique for the production of cool colored concrete tile and asphalt shingle roofing products. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 94:946–954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2009.12.012
Li VC (2019) Multi-functional engineered cementitious composites (ECC). Engineered cementitious composites (ECC). Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 371–411
Li X, Zhang G, Pan H (2012) Experimental study on ozone photolytic and photocatalytic degradation of H2S using continuous flow mode. J Hazard Mater 199–200:255–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.11.006
Li Y, Gao Q, Xing T et al (2016) Sorption and photocatalytic degradation of trichlorfon by foam concrete blended with nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide. J Mater Civ Eng. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001505
Liao G, Yao W (2022) Upcycling of waste concrete powder into a functionalized host for nano-TiO2 photocatalyst: binding mechanism and enhanced photocatalytic efficiency. J Clean Prod 366:132918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132918
Linkous CA, Carter GJ, Locuson DB et al (2000) Photocatalytic inhibition of algae growth using TiO2, WO3, and cocatalyst modifications. Environ Sci Technol 34:4754–4758. https://doi.org/10.1021/es001080+
Liu G, Ji J, Hu P et al (2018) Efficient degradation of H2S over transition metal modified TiO2 under VUV irradiation: performance and mechanism. Appl Surf Sci 433:329–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.09.257
Liu K, Cao M, Fujishima A, Jiang L (2014) Bio-inspired titanium dioxide materials with special wettability and their applications. Chem Rev 114:10044–10094. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr4006796
Luttrell T, Halpegamage S, Tao J et al (2014) Why is anatase a better photocatalyst than rutile?—model studies on epitaxial TiO2 films. Sci Rep 4:4043. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep04043
Ma H, Brennan A, Diamond SA (2012) Phototoxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles under solar radiation to two aquatic species: Daphnia magna and Japanese medaka. Environ Toxicol Chem 31:1621–1629. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.1858
Ma H, Wallis LK, Diamond S et al (2014) Impact of solar UV radiation on toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles through photocatalytic reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and photo-induced dissolution. Environ Pollut 193:165–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.06.027
Macphee DE, Folli A (2016) Photocatalytic concretes—the interface between photocatalysis and cement chemistry. Cem Concr Res 85:48–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2016.03.007
Maggos T, Bartzis JG, Leva P, Kotzias D (2007) Application of photocatalytic technology for NOx removal. Appl Phys A 89:81–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-007-4033-6
Maharjan S, Liao K-S, Wang AJ, Curran SA (2020) Highly effective hydrophobic solar reflective coating for building materials: increasing total solar reflectance via functionalized anatase immobilization in an organosiloxane matrix. Constr Build Mater 243:118189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118189
Martinez T, Bertron A, Ringot E, Escadeillas G (2011) Degradation of NO using photocatalytic coatings applied to different substrates. Build Environ 46:1808–1816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.03.001
Mater Y, Kamel M, Karam A, Bakhoum E (2023) ANN-python prediction model for the compressive strength of green concrete. Constr Innov 23:340–359. https://doi.org/10.1108/CI-08-2021-0145
Mauzerall D, Sultan B, Kim N, Bradford D (2005) NO emissions from large point sources: variability in ozone production, resulting health damages and economic costs. Atmos Environ 39:2851–2866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.12.041
Mondal S, Bera S, Roy S (2023) Roadmap on the development of 2D nanomaterials for preparation of efficient photocatalysts. Mater Sci Semicond Process 168:107834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2023.107834
Moro C, Francioso V, Schrager M, Velay-Lizancos M (2020) TiO2 nanoparticles influence on the environmental performance of natural and recycled mortars: a life cycle assessment. Environ Impact Assess Rev 84:106430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2020.106430
Nath RK, Zain MFM, Jamil M (2016) An environment-friendly solution for indoor air purification by using renewable photocatalysts in concrete: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 62:1184–1194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.05.018
Obee TN, Brown RT (1995) TiO2 photocatalysis for indoor air applications: effects of humidity and trace contaminant levels on the oxidation rates of formaldehyde, toluene, and 1,3-butadiene. Environ Sci Technol 29:1223–1231. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00005a013
Oberdörster G, Maynard A, Donaldson K et al (2005) Principles for characterizing the potential human health effects from exposure to nanomaterials: elements of a screening strategy. Part Fibre Toxicol 2:8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-8977-2-8
Ohama Y, Van Gemert D (2011) Application of titanium dioxide photocatalysis to construction materials: state-of-the-art report of the RILEM Technical Committee 194-TDP. Springer Science & Business Media
Osborn DJ (2012) Quantification of NOx reduction via nitrate accumulation on a TIO2 photocatalytic concrete pavement. Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College
Parkin IP, Palgrave RG (2005) Self-cleaning coatings. J Mater Chem 15:1689. https://doi.org/10.1039/b412803f
Pavlatou E, Chrysagis K, Zoikis–Karathanasis A, et al (2014) SelfClean: novelself-cleaning, anti-bacterial coatings, preventing disease transmission on everydaytouched surfaces. In: Industrial technologies 2014, 9-11/4 2014, Athens, Greece
PICADA (2010) Photocatalytic innovative coverings applications for depollution assessment
Portela R, Sánchez B, Coronado JM et al (2007) Selection of TiO2-support: UV-transparent alternatives and long-term use limitations for H2S removal. Catal Today 129:223–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2007.08.005
Quan Y-Y, Chen Z, Lai Y et al (2021) Recent advances in fabricating durable superhydrophobic surfaces: a review in the aspects of structures and materials. Mater Chem Front 5:1655–1682. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0QM00485E
Ragesh P, Anand Ganesh V, Nair SV, Nair AS (2014) A review on ‘self-cleaning and multifunctional materials.’ J Mater Chem A 2:14773–14797. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TA02542C
Segundo R, Freitas LJ et al (2019) Smart, photocatalytic and self-cleaning asphalt mixtures: a literature review. Coatings 9:696. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9110696
Russell HS, Frederickson LB, Hertel O et al (2021) A Review of photocatalytic materials for urban NOx remediation. Catalysts 11:675. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11060675
Samchenko SV, Kozlova IV, Korshunov AV et al (2023) Synthesis and evaluation of properties of an additive based on bismuth titanates for cement systems. Materials 16:6262. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16186262
Sassoni E, D’Amen E, Roveri N et al (2018) Durable self-cleaning coatings for architectural surfaces by incorporation of TiO2 nano-particles into hydroxyapatite films. Materials 11:177. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11020177
Shen Y, Jiang L, Shen P et al (2024) Development of photocatalytic carbonation coating for concrete: enhancement of air quality and sequestration of CO2. Cem Concr Compos 145:105308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2023.105308
Si H, Zhou M, Fang Y et al (2021) Photocatalytic concrete for NOx degradation: influence factors and durability. Constr Build Mater 298:123835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123835
Sikora P, Augustyniak A, Cendrowski K et al (2018) Antimicrobial activity of Al2O3, CuO, Fe3O4, and ZnO nanoparticles in scope of their further application in cement-based building materials. Nanomaterials 8:212. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8040212
Singh LP, Dhaka RK, Ali D et al (2021) Remediation of noxious pollutants using nano-titania-based photocatalytic construction materials: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:34087–34107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14189-7
Singla N, Singla S, Thind PS et al (2021) Assessing the applicability of photocatalytic-concrete blocks in reducing the concentration of ambient NO2 of Chandigarh, India, using box-behnken response surface design technique: a holistic sustainable development approach. J Chem 2021:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6468749
Sopyan I, Watanabe M, Murasawa S et al (1996) An efficient TiO2 thin-film photocatalyst: photocatalytic properties in gas-phase acetaldehyde degradation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 98:79–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/1010-6030(96)04328-6
Stucchi M, Galli F, Bianchi CL et al (2018) Simultaneous photodegradation of VOC mixture by TiO2 powders. Chemosphere 193:198–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.003
Tan B, Zhang X, Li Y et al (2017) Anatase TiO2 mesocrystals: green synthesis, in situ conversion to porous single crystals, and self-doping Ti3+ for enhanced visible light driven photocatalytic removal of NO. Chem A Eur J 23:5478–5487. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.2016052945
Toma FL, Bertrand G, Klein D, Coddet C (2004) Photocatalytic removal of nitrogen oxides via titanium dioxide. Environ Chem Lett 2:117–121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-004-0087-2
Trapalis A, Todorova N, Giannakopoulou T et al (2016) TiO2/graphene composite photocatalysts for NOx removal: a comparison of surfactant-stabilized graphene and reduced graphene oxide. Appl Catal B 180:637–647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.07.009
Trujillo-Valladolid M, Alcántar-Vázquez B, Ramírez-Zamora R-M, Ossa-López A (2021) Influence of aging on the physicochemical behavior of photocatalytic asphalt cements subjected to the natural environment. Constr Build Mater 295:123597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123597
Tsuchiai H, Ishizuka T, Ueno T et al (1995) Highly active absorbent for SO2 removal prepared from coal fly ash. Ind Eng Chem Res 34:1404–1411. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00043a048
Tung WS, Daoud WA (2011) Self-cleaning fibers via nanotechnology: a virtual reality. J Mater Chem 21:7858–7869
Vittoriadiamanti M, Pedeferri MP (2013) Concrete, mortar and plaster using titanium dioxide nanoparticles: applications in pollution control, self-cleaning and photo sterilization. In: Nanotechnology in eco-efficient construction. Elsevier, pp 299–326
Wang D, Zhang W, Ruan Y et al (2018a) Enhancements and mechanisms of nanoparticles on wear resistance and chloride penetration resistance of reactive powder concrete. Constr Build Mater 189:487–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.09.041
Wang H, Xie D, Chen Q, You C (2016) Kinetic modeling for the deactivation of TiO2 during the photocatalytic removal of low concentration SO2. Chem Eng J 303:425–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.06.015
Wang L, Zhang H, Gao Y (2018b) Effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on physical and mechanical properties of cement at low temperatures. Adv Mater Sci Eng 2018:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8934689
Wang L, Zhao Y, Zhang J (2017) Photochemical removal of SO2 over TiO2 -based nanofibers by a dry photocatalytic oxidation process. Energy Fuels 31:9905–9914. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b01514
Witkowski H, Jackiewicz-Rek W, Chilmon K et al (2019) Air purification performance of photocatalytic concrete paving blocks after seven years of service. Appl Sci 9:1735. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9091735
Wong GWK, Lai CKW (2004) Outdoor air pollution and asthma. Curr Opin Pulm Med 10:62
Xie X, Hao C, Huang Y, Huang Z (2020) Influence of TiO2-based photocatalytic coating road on traffic-related NOx pollutants in urban street canyon by CFD modeling. Sci Total Environ 724:138059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138059
Xu H, Ren Y, Zhang W et al (2021) Updated global black carbon emissions from 1960 to 2017: improvements, trends, and drivers. Environ Sci Technol 55:7869–7879. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c03117
Xu M, Wang Y, Geng J, Jing D (2017) Photodecomposition of NOx on Ag/TiO2 composite catalysts in a gas phase reactor. Chem Eng J 307:181–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.08.080
Yamazoe S, Hitomi Y, Shishido T, Tanaka T (2008) Kinetic study of photo-oxidation of NH3 over TiO2. Appl Catal B 82:67–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2007.12.023
Yang L, Hakki A, Wang F, Macphee DE (2018) Photocatalyst efficiencies in concrete technology: the effect of photocatalyst placement. Appl Catal B 222:200–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.10.013
Yang L, Hakki A, Zheng L et al (2019) Photocatalytic concrete for NOx abatement: supported TiO2 efficiencies and impacts. Cem Concr Res 116:57–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.11.002
Yang Z, Xu J, Wang W et al (2023) Surface properties and de-polluting performance of a photocatalytic coating incorporating novel core@shell nanospheres for cementitious substrate. Cem Concr Compos 139:105036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2023.105036
Yin B, Wu C, Hou D et al (2021) Research and application progress of nano-modified coating in improving the durability of cement-based materials. Prog Org Coat 161:106529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2021.106529
Yu QL, Brouwers HJH (2009) Indoor air purification using heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation. part I: experimental study. Appl Catal B 92:454–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2009.09.004
Yuan Y, Zhang J, Li H et al (2012) Simultaneous removal of SO2, NO and mercury using TiO2-aluminum silicate fiber by photocatalysis. Chem Eng J 192:21–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.03.043
Zahabizadeh B, Rocha Segundo I, Pereira J et al (2023) Photocatalysis of functionalised 3D printed cementitious materials. J Build Eng 70:106373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2023.106373
Zahabizadeh B, Segundo IR, Pereira J et al (2021) Development of photocatalytic 3D-printed cementitious mortars: influence of the curing, spraying time gaps and TiO2 coating rates. Buildings 11:381. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11090381
Zhang L, Lu Q, Shan R et al (2021) Photocatalytic degradation of vehicular exhaust by nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide modified pavement material. Transp Res D Transp Environ 91:102690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102690
Zhao Y, Han J, Shao Y, Feng Y (2009) Simultaneous SO2 and NO removal from flue gas based on TiO2 photocatalytic oxidation. Environ Technol 30:1555–1563. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330903313786
Zhao Y, Zhao L, Han J et al (2008) Study on method and mechanism for simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification of flue gas based on the TiO2 photocatalysis. Sci China Ser E Technol Sci 51:268–276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-008-0021-0
Zhou Y, Elchalakani M, Du P, Sun C (2021) Cleaning up oil pollution in the ocean with photocatalytic concrete marine structures. J Clean Prod 329:129636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129636
Funding
The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Mohd Asif Ansari: Conceptualization, Literature Review, Writing; Mohd Shariq: Critical Analysis, Writing - Revision, Visualization; Saad Shamim Ansari: Methodology, Writing – Revision, Writing - Finalization and Atif Husain: Writing - Original Draft, Visualization.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Ansari, M.A., Shariq, M., Ansari, S.S. et al. Efficiency Assessment of TiO2-Based Photocatalytic Concrete for Clean and Sustainable Construction: A State-of-the-Art Review. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Civ Eng (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-024-01415-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-024-01415-8