Abstract
Natural from Zalan (ZC) was examined for the elimination of Gram stain [Safranin-O (SO) and precious stone Violet (CV)] from the washing wastewater of blood film preparation of medical laboratory and undergraduate microbiology laboratory. Characterization of ZC was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and Fourier transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The clay was found to be dominated by vermiculite. Operational conditions (initial pH, ZC dose, and adsorption period) were studied. The initial pH was found to have no significant effect in the range of the studied conditions. The optimum adsorbent (ZC) dose was 5 g L−1 for 50 mg L−1 of both (SO and CV) and the equilibration time of 180 and 120 min, respectively. The experimental adsorption data were fitted well to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms by the nonlinear regression method. The kinetics of the adsorption was best fitted to Hoo's pseudo-second-order. The thermodynamic parameters confirmed spontaneous endothermic adsorption. Natural clay from Zalan (ZC) clay can be used to remove (SO and CV) from contaminated wastewater.
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This study was not founded by any government or private agencies. We gratefully acknowledge the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR- Hannover Germany) especially Dr. Stephan Kaufhold for the support and assistance, also Dr. Bakhtyar K. Aziz from Charmo University, Mr. Karukh Ali Babakr from the University of Raparin, and all who contributed to the conduction of this study.
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Shwan, D.M.S. Characterization of Local Natural Clay and It's Using for Adsorption Removal of Gram Stain Wastes (Safranin-O and Crystal Violet) from Microbiological Laboratories. Iran J Sci 47, 63–71 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40995-022-01406-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40995-022-01406-2