Abstract
The present work studied the effect of the austempering heat treatment parameters on high silicon austempered ductile iron (HSADI) alloyed with 0.6 and 0.9 wt% Nb in the resulting microstructure and corrosion resistance. Samples were austenitizing at 1050 °C for 2 h followed by austempering treatment at 290, 320, and 350 °C for 60, 90, and 120 min and finally air-cooled. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to evaluate the microstructural evolution. These techniques revealed that the microstructures consisted of a mixture of graphite nodules, carbon-rich austenite, acicular ferrite, and niobium carbides in the matrix. To assess the influence of these carbides and heat treatment parameters on the corrosion resistance, potentiodynamic tests were conducted in 1N H2SO4 solution as an electrolyte. The results showed that with the Nb content in high silicon ductile iron, both carbon-rich austenite and the C content in the austenite also increased, and significantly reduced the corrosion rate on HSADI.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
B. Wang, F. Qiu, G.C. Barber, Y. Pan, W. Cui, R. Wang, Microstructure, wear behaviour and surface hardening of austempered ductile iron. J. Market. Res. 9(5), 9838–9855 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.06.076
K. Jaśkowiec, A. Opaliński, P. Kustra, Prediction of selected mechanical properties in austempered ductile iron with different wall thickness by the decision support systems. Arch. Foundry Eng. (2023). https://doi.org/10.24425/afe.2023.144306
C. Liu, Y. Du, X. Wang, Q. Zheng, X. Zhu, D. Zhang, D. Liu, C. Yang, B. Jiang, Comparison of the tribological behavior of quench-tempered ductile iron and austempered ductile iron with similar hardness. Wear 520–521, 204668 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2023.204668
P. Sellamuthu, D.H. Samuel, D. Dinakaran, V.P. Premkumar, Z. Li, S. Sridhar, Austempered ductile iron (ADI): influence of austempering temperature on microstructure, mechanical and wear properties and energy consumption. Metals 8(1), 53 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/met8010053
H. Krawiec, V. Vignal, J. Lelito, A. Krystianiak, P. Ozga, In-situ monitoring of the corrosion behaviour of austempered ductile iron (ADI) under cyclic salt spray exposure. Corros. Sci. 185, 109437 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2021.109437
E.C. García, A. Cruz-Ramírez, J.A. Romero-Serrano, R. Sánchez-Alvarado, V. Gutiérrez-Pérez, G. Reyes-Castellanos, Nodule count effect on microstructure and mechanical properties of hypo-eutectic ADI alloyed with nickel. J. Min. Metall. Sect. B 57(1), 115–124 (2021). https://doi.org/10.2298/jmmb200403009c
X. Wang, Y. Du, C. Liu, Z. Hu, P. Li, Z. Gao, H. Guo, B. Jiang, Relationship among process parameters, microstructure, and mechanical properties of austempered ductile iron (ADI). Mater. Sci. Eng. A-struct. Mater. Prop. Microstruct. Process. 857, 144063 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.144063
E. Guzik, M. Sokolnicki, M. Królikowski, M. Ronduda, A. Nowak, Prediction of microstructure in ADI castings. Arch. Metall. Mater. (2016). https://doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0344
T.A. Hoang, H.H. Nguyen, D.H. Nguyen, N. Tran, N.D. Nam, Austenitization and formation of ausferrite structure in austempered ductile iron with dual matrix. Mater. Res. Express (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ac6730
H. Zhang, Y. Wu, Q. Li, X. Hong, Mechanical properties and rolling-sliding wear performance of dual phase austempered ductile iron as potential metro wheel material. Wear 406–407, 156–165 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2018.04.005
F.V. Guerra, A. Bedolla-Jacuinde, I. Mejia, J. Zuno, C. Maldonado, Effects of boron addition and austempering time on microstructure, hardness and tensile properties of ductile irons. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 648, 193–201 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2015.09.066
A.S. Benam, Effect of alloying elements on austempered ductile iron (ADI) properties and its process: review. DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals). https://doaj.org/article/1b67bcf5cf22457197d21b90cf2c83b5 (2015)
M.A. Ahmed, E. Riedel, M. Kovalko, A.T. Volochko, R. Bähr, A. Nofal, Ultrafine ductile and austempered ductile irons by solidification in ultrasonic field. Int. J. Metalcast. (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-021-00683-8
D. Wilk-Kołodziejczyk, K. Regulski, G. Gumienny, Comparative analysis of the properties of the nodular cast iron with carbides and the austempered ductile iron with use of the machine learning and the support vector machine. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 87(1–4), 1077–1093 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-016-8510-y
M. Riebisch, H.G. Sönke, B. Pustal, A. Bührig-Polaczek, Influence of Carbide-Promoting elements on the pearlite content and the tensile properties of high silicon SSDI ductile iron. Int. J. Metalcast. 12(1), 106–112 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-017-0146-7
A.D. Basso, M. Caldera, G.L. Rivera, J.A. Sikora, High silicon ductile iron: possible uses in the production of parts with “Dual phase ADI” microstructure. ISIJ Int. 52(6), 1130–1134 (2012). https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.52.1130
A. Negm, S. Mohamed, M. Ibrahim, I.B. Moussa, K.M. Ibrahim, Effect of cast thickness and austenitizing temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of ADI and IADI castings. Open J. Metal 11(03), 21–35 (2021). https://doi.org/10.4236/ojmetal.2021.113003
H. Krawiec, J. Lelito, E. Tyrała, J. Banaś, Relationships between microstructure and pitting corrosion of ADI in sodium chloride solution. J. Solid-State Electrochem. 13(6), 935–942 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-008-0636-x
S. Dervisic, H. Avdušinović, A. Gigović-Gekić, D. Kasapović, S. Pašić, Influence of ausferrite microstructure decomposition on the corrosion properties of austempered ductile iron. Mater Tehnol 54(3), 393–396 (2020). https://doi.org/10.17222/mit.2019.224
S. Méndez, U. De La Torre, R. González-Martínez, R. Suárez, Advanced properties of ausferritic ductile iron obtained in As-Cast conditions. Int. J. Metalcast. 11(1), 116–122 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-016-0092-9
Y. Yürektürk, M. Baydogan, Characterization of ferritic ductile iron subjected to successive aluminizing and austempering. Surf. Coat. Technol. 347, 142–149 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.04.083
X. Sun, X. Zuo, G. Yin, K. Jiang, Y. Tang, Electrochemical and microscopic investigation on passive behavior of ductile iron in simulated cement-mortar pore solution. Constr. Build. Mater. 150, 703–713 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.042
C.R. Muñiz Valdez, D. García Navarro, J.S. Galindo Valdés, F.A. Montes González, E. Almanza Casas, N.A. Rodríguez Rosales, Determination of corrosion resistance of high-silicon ductile iron alloyed with Nb. Metals 13(5), 917 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/met13050917
C.F. Han, Q.Q. Wang, Y. Sun, J. Li, Effects of molybdenum on the wear resistance and corrosion resistance of carbide austempered ductile iron. Metallogr. Microstruct. Anal. 4(4), 298–304 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13632-015-0215-3
A. Günen, M. Kalkandelen, İH. Karahan, B. Kurt, E. Kanca, M.S. Gök, M.S. Karakaş, Properties and corrosion behavior of chromium and vanadium carbide composite coatings produced on ductile cast iron by thermoreactive diffusion technique. J. Eng. Mater. Technol. Trans. Asme 142(4), 041008 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4047743
Y. Zhang, J. Xiao, Y. Zhang, W. Liu, W. Pei, A. Zhang, W. Zhang, L. Zeng, The study on corrosion behavior and corrosion resistance of ultralow carbon high silicon iron-based alloy. Mater. Res. Express 8(2), 026504 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/abdc52
X. Chen, L. Zhao, W. Zhang, H. Mohrbacher, W. Wang, A. Guo, Q. Zhai, Effects of niobium alloying on microstructure, toughness and wear resistance of austempered ductile iron. Mater. Sci. Eng. A-Struct. Mater. Prop. Microstruct. Process. 760, 186–194 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.05.100
ASTM A536-84; Standard Specification for Ductile Iron Castings. ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, (2019). https://doi.org/10.1520/a0536-84r19e01
ASTM G5 Standard Reference Test Method for Making Potentiodynamic Anodic Polarization Measurements. (2012). ASTM License Agreement, 03.02. https://doi.org/10.1520/g0005-94r04
A.S.O. Pimentel, W.L. Guesser, W.J.R.C. Da Silva, P.D. Portella, M. Woydt, J. Burbank, Abrasive wear behavior of austempered ductile iron with niobium additions. Wear 440–441, 203065 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2019.203065
M.A. Ahmed, M. Soliman, M. Youssef, R. Bähr, A. Nofal, Effect of niobium on the microstructure and mechanical properties of alloyed ductile irons and austempered ductile irons. Metals 11(5), 703 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/met11050703
D. Franzen, P. Weiß, B. Pustal, A. Bührig-Polaczek, Modification of silicon microsegregation in solid-solution-strengthened ductile iron by alloying with aluminum. Int. J. Metalcast. 14(4), 1105–1114 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-020-00412-7
O. Crisan, A. Crisan, Phase transformation and exchange bias effects in mechanically alloyed FE/magnetite powders. J. Alloy. Compd. 509(23), 6522–6527 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2011.03.147
C.S. Roberts, Effect of carbon on the volume fractions and lattice Parameters of Retained Austenite and Martensite. JOM 5(2), 203–204 (1953). https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03397477
J. Mallia, M. Grech, R. Smallman, Effect of silicon content on transformation kinetics of austempered ductile iron. Mater. Sci. Technol. 14(5), 452–460 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1179/mst.1998.14.5.452
J.M. Vélez, A. Garboggini, A.P. Tschiptschin, Effect of silicon on kinetics of bainitic reaction in austempered ductile cast iron. Mater. Sci. Technol. 12(4), 329–337 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1179/mst.1996.12.4.329
R.C. Voigt, Austempered ductile Iron—Processing and Properties. Cast Metals 2(2), 71–93 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1080/09534962.1989.11818986
J.R. Keough, K.L. Hayrynen, V. Popovski, S.L. Sumner, A. Rimmer, Agricultural applications of austempered iron components (2009). https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55095305
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Navarro, D.G., González, F.M., Valdez, C.R.M. et al. Effect of Austempering Conditions on the Corrosion Behavior of HSADI Alloyed with Niobium. Inter Metalcast (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-024-01293-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-024-01293-w