Abstract
Aluminium metal matrix composites are lightweight high-performance materials mostly applicable in aerospace, automobile and marine applications. In this study, the morphological, mechanical and corrosion behaviour of Al7075 metal matrix composites were investigated to find the effect of reinforcement of TiB2 particles for various weight percentage. Al7075-TiB2 composites were developed by reinforcing the 3–5 µm size TiB2 ceramic particles using stir casting process. The particles with different weight percentage of 2, 4, 6 and 8 were uniformly reinforced with the help of the mechanical stirrer. The energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDAX) pattern confirms the presence of TiB2 particles in the composites. SEM and optical microstructures clearly revealed the uniform distribution of TiB2 particles in the aluminium matrix. The additions of TiB2 particles enhance the tensile strength and micro hardness due to the strong interface and load sharing between the matrix and the reinforcement particles. Dry sliding wear test was conducted by varying the applied load and sliding distance. SEM microstructure of worn surfaces shows that addition of TiB2 particles decreases the wear rate due to the presence of stiffer and stronger reinforcement particles. The electrochemical potentiodynamic polarization and salt spray test were also conducted to study the corrosion behaviour of the Al-TiB2 composites. SEM microstructures confirm the occurrence of pitting corrosion and shows that addition of TiB2 particles improves the corrosion resistance.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
The raw processed data required to reproduce these findings cannot be shared at this time as the data also forms part of an ongoing study.
References
T. Dursun, C. Soutis, Recent developments in advanced aircraft aluminium alloys. Mater. Des. (1980–2015) 56, 862–871 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.12.002
J. Suresh Kumar, K. Kalaichelvan, Taguchi-grey multi-response optimization on structural parameters of honeycomb core sandwich structure for low velocity impact test. SILICON 10, 879–889 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-016-9544-3
R. Gecu, A. Karaaslan, Sliding wear of the Ti-reinforced al matrix Bi-metal composite: a potential replacement to conventional SiC-reinforced composites for automotive application. Int. Metalcast. 13, 641–652 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-018-0281-9
M. Manoj, G.R. Jinu, T. Muthuramalingam, Multi response optimization of AWJM process parameters on machining TiB2 particles reinforced Al7075 composite using Taguchi-DEAR methodology. SILICON 10(5), 2287–2293 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-018-9763-x
M.F. Ibrahim, G.H. Garza-Elizondo, A.M. Samuel, F.H. Samuel, Optimizing the heat treatment of high-strength 7075-type wrought alloys: a metallographic study. Int. Metalcast. 10, 264–275 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-016-0038-2
J. Joseph, B.S. Pillai, J. Jayanandan, J. Jayagopan, S. Nivedh, U.S.S. Balaji, K.V. Shankar, Mechanical behaviour of age hardened A356/TiC metal matrix composite. Pap. Present. Mater. Today Proc. 38, 2127–2132 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.013
V. Anilkumar, K.V. Shankar, M. Balachandran, J. Joseph, S. Nived, J. Jayanandan, J. Jayagopan, U.S. Surya Balaji, Impact of heat treatment analysis on the wear behaviour of Al–14.2Si–0.3Mg–TiC composite using response surface methodology. Tribol. Ind. (2021). https://doi.org/10.24874/ti.988.10.20.04
P. Ajay Kumar, P. Rohatgi, D. Weiss, 50 Years of foundry-produced metal matrix composites and future opportunities. Int. Metalcast. 14, 291–317 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-019-00375-4
C. Wang, M. Wang, B. Yu, D. Chen, P. Qin, M. Feng, Q. Dai, The grain refinement behavior of TiB2 particles prepared with in situ technology. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 459(1–2), 238–243 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2007.01.013
C. Mallikarjuna, S.M. Shashidhara, U.S. Mallik, K.I. Parashivamurthy, Grain refinement and wear properties evaluation of aluminum alloy 2014 matrix-TiB2 in situ composites. Mater. Des. 32(6), 3554–3559 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.01.036
U. Aybarç, O. Ertuğrul, M.O. Seydibeyoğlu, Effect of Al2O3 particle size on mechanical properties of ultrasonic-assisted stir-casted Al A356 matrix composites. Int. Metalcast. 15, 638–649 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-020-00490-7
M. Manoj, G.R. Jinu, T. Muthuramalingam, R. Leo Bright Singh, Synthetization and investigation on mechanical characteristics of aluminium alloy 7075 with TiB2 composite. J. Ceram. Process. Res 22(4), 475–481 (2021). https://doi.org/10.36410/jcpr.2021.22.4.475
S. Kumar, M. Chakraborty, V.S. Sarma, B.S. Murty, Tensile and wear behaviour of in situ Al–7Si/TiB2 particulate composites. Wear 265, 134–142 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2007.09.007
M. Shayan, B. Eghbali, B. Niroumand, Synthesis and characterization of AA2024–SiO2 nanocomposites through the vortex method. Int. Metalcast. (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-021-00574-y
V.S. Ayar, M.P. Sutaria, Development and characterization of In Situ AlSi5Cu3/TiB2 composites. Int. Metalcast. 14, 59–68 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-019-00328-x
D.M. Shinde, P. Sahoo, Influence of speed and sliding distance on the tribological performance of submicron particulate reinforced Al-12Si/15Wt% B4C composite. Int. Metalcast. (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-021-00636-1
A. Bhowmik, D. Dey, A. Biswas, Comparative study of microstructure, physical and mechanical characterization of SiC/TiB2 reinforced aluminium matrix composite. SILICON 13(6), 2003–2010 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-020-00591-2
B.F. Schultz, J.B. Ferguson, P.K. Rohatgi, Microstructure and hardness of Al2O3 nanoparticle reinforced Al–Mg composites fabricated by reactive wetting and stir mixing. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 530, 87–97 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2011.09.042
M. Rahimian, N. Parvin, N. Ehsani, The effect of production parameters on microstructure and wear resistance of powder metallurgy Al–Al2O3 composite. Mater. Des. 32, 1031–1038 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2010.07.016
C.S. Ramesh, S. Pramod, R. Keshavamurthy, A study on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al 6061-TiB2 in-situ composites. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 528(12), 4125–4132 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2011.02.024
K. Sivaprasad, S.K. Babu, S. Natarajan, R. Narayanasamy, B.A. Kumar, G. Dinesh, Study on abrasive and erosive wear behaviour of Al 6063/TiB2 in situ composites. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 498(1–2), 495–500 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2008.09.003
P. Senthil Kumar, V. Kavimani, K. Soorya Prakash, V.M. Krishna, Effect of TiB2 on the corrosion resistance behavior of in situ Al composites. Int. Metalcast. 14, 84–91 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-019-00330-3
M. Ramesh, D.D. Jafrey, M. Ravichandran, Investigation on mechanical properties and wear behaviour of titanium diboride reinforced composites. FME Trans. 47(4), 873–879 (2019). https://doi.org/10.5937/fmet1904873R
H.M. Rajan, S. Ramabalan, I. Dinaharan, S.J. Vijay, Synthesis and characterization of in situ formed titanium diboride particulate reinforced Al7075 aluminum alloy cast composites. Mater. Des. 44, 438–445 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.08.008
Y. Pazhouhanfar, B. Eghbali, Microstructural characterization and mechanical properties of TiB2 reinforced Al6061 matrix composites produced using stir casting process. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 710, 172–180 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.10.087
M.K. Akbari, H.R. Baharvandi, K. Shirvanimoghaddam, Tensile and fracture behavior of nano/micro TiB2 particle reinforced casting A356 aluminum alloy composites. Mater. Des. 1980–2015(66), 150–161 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.10.048
R.G. Munro, Material properties of titanium diboride. J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 105(5), 709–720 (2000). https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.105.057
S. Shahriyari, S. Pashmforoosh, O. Mirzaee, Investigation of the effect of Sr on the mechanical properties and microstructure of nano-alumina reinforced aluminum matrix composites by the vortical casting method. Met. Mater. Int. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-020-00715-8
S. Pashmforoosh, S. Shahriyari, O. Mirzaee, Evaluation of mechanical and microstructure properties of Mg-modified aluminum matrix composite by vortical casting method. Met. Mater. Int. 27, 3026–3038 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-020-00639-3
ASTM E8/E8M-21, Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials (ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2021).
N. Hansen, Hall-Petch relation and boundary strengthening. Scr. Mater. 51(8), 801–806 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2004.06.002
Z. Zhang, D.L. Chen, Contribution of Orowan strengthening effect in particulate reinforced metal matrix nanocomposites. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 483, 148–152 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2006.10.184
ASTM G99-95a(2000)e1, Standard Test Method for Wear Testing with a Pin-on-Disk Apparatus (ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2000)
S. Liu, Y. Wang, T. Muthuramalingam, G. Anbuchezhiyan, Effect of B4C and MoS2 reinforcement on micro structure and wear properties of aluminum hybrid composite for automotive applications. Comos. B Eng. 176, 107329 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107329
S. Suresh, N. ShenbagaVinayagaMoorthi, S.C. Vettivel, N. Selvakumar, Mechanical behavior and wear prediction of stir cast Al-TiB2 composites using response surface methodology. Mater. Des. 59, 383–396 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.02.053
ASTM B. Standard Practice for Operating Salt Spray (fog) Apparatus, 1997 edition (ASTM International, 2011)
B. Zaid, D. Saidi, A. Benzaid, S. Hadji, Effects of pH and chloride concentration on pitting corrosion of AA6061 aluminum alloy. Corros. Sci. 50(7), 1841–1847 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2008.03.006
R.T. Loto, A. Adeleke, Corrosion of aluminum alloy metal matrix composites in neutral chloride solutions. J. Fail. Anal. Prev. 16(5), 874–885 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11668-016-0157-3
S. Gopalakrishnan, N. Murugari, Production and wear characterization of AA 6061 matrix titanium diboride particulate reinforced composite by enhanced stir casting method. Compos. B Eng. 43, 302–308 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2011.08.049
A. Aballe, M. Bethencourt, F.J. Botana, M.J. Cano, M. Marcos, Localized alkaline corrosion of alloy AA5083 in neutral 3.5% NaCl solution. Corros. Sci. 43(9), 1657–1674 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-938X(00)00166-9
Acknowledgments
The authors express their sincere thanks and gratitude to Department of Production Technology, MIT campus, Anna University, Chennai, India.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Manoj, M., Jinu, G.R., Kumar, J.S. et al. Effect of TiB2 Particles on the Morphological, Mechanical and Corrosion Behaviour of Al7075 Metal Matrix Composite Produced Using Stir Casting Process. Inter Metalcast 16, 1517–1532 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-021-00696-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-021-00696-3