Abstract
The assessment of groundwater for irrigation was a crucial step towards sustainable water resource management. Traditionally, irrigation water suitability was carried out by assessing several irrigation parameters individually. In this research, an attempt was made to develop a new irrigation water quality (IWQI) index by integrating various irrigation water suitability parameters i.e., sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), Exchangeable sodium ratio or Kelly ratio (KR), Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP), total hardness (TH), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Permeability index (PI) and fluoride (F−). A stretch of the Dwarka River basin was selected as a type area for this research. Water sample collection, analysis followed by classification of water parameters into five different classes, and assigning weights and ranks were the principal methodologies adopted for the building up of the Irrigation water quality index (IWQI). The order of abundance of anions in the study area was HCO3− > Cl− > CO3−2 > SO42− > F− and cation are Ca+2 > Na+ > Mg+2 > K+. A total of 607 water samples were collected and the computed IWQI with respect to the present study reveals that 95.38% (579 samples) of the total water sample were suitable for irrigation whereas the remaining 4.61% (28 samples) of the total sample show unsuitability for irrigation. Nawapara, Junidpur, Chakpara, Bhelian were among the most polluted village. Outcomes of the present study can be a first-hand tool to the policymakers, planners, and government officials for sustainable water resource management in the study area.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Appelo CAJ, Postma D (1996) Geochemistry, groundwater, and pollution. Balkema, Rotterdam, p 536
BIS (2012) Bureau of Indian Standards, Drinking water specification (second revision). ICS13.060.20,IS10500. https://bis.org.in/sf/fad/FAD25(2047)C.pdf. Accessed 12 Feb 2017
Bodrud-Doza Md, Towfiqul Islam ARM, Ahmed F, Das S, Saha N, Safiur-Rahman M (2016) Characterization of groundwater quality using water evaluationindices, multivariate statistics and geostatistics in central Bangladesh. Water Sci. 30(2016):19–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsj.2016.05.001
Brindha K, Elango L (2012) Groundwater quality zonation in a shallow weathered rock aquifer using GIS. Geo Spat Inf Sci 15(2):95–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/10095020.2012.714655
Dhanasekarapandian M, Chandran S, Saranya DD, Kumar V (2016) Spatial and temporal variation of groundwater quality and its suitability for irrigation and drinking purpose using GIS and WQI in an urban fringe. J Afr Earth Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2016.08.015
Domenico PA, Schwartz FW (1990) Physical and chemical hydrogeology. Wiley, New York
Doneen LD (1964) Notes on water quality in agriculture. In Water Science and Engineering Paper 4001. Dept. of Water, Science and Engineering, Univ. of California, Davis, USA
Edmunds WM, Smedley PL (2005) Fluoride in natural waters. In: Selinus O (ed) Essentials of medical geology. Elsevier Academic Press, London, pp 301–329
Foster SSD (1995) Groundwater for development: an overview of quality constraints. In: Nash H, McCall GJH (eds) Groundwater quality (17th special report). Chapman & Hall, London, pp 1–3
Jabal MSA, Abustan I, Rozaimy MR, Al-Najar H (2014) Fluoride enrichment in groundwater of semi-arid urban area: Khan Younis City, southern Gaza Strip (Palestine). J Afr Earth Sci 100:259–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.07.002
Jalali M (2008) Effect of sodium and magnesium on kinetics of potassium release in some calcareous soils of western Iran. Geoderma 145:207–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2008.03.005
Keesari T, Ramakumar KL, Chidambaram S, Pethperumal S, Thilagavathi R (2016) Understanding the hydrochemical behavior of groundwater and its suitability for drinking and agricultural purposes in Pondicherry area, South India—a step towards sustainable development. Groundw Sustain Dev 2–3(2016):143–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2016.08.001
Kelly WP (1963) Use of saline irrigation water. Soil Sci 95:355–391. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-196306000-00003
Magesh NS, Chandrasekar N, Soundranayagam JP (2011a) Morphometric evaluation of Papanasam and Manimuthar watersheds, parts of Western Ghats, Tirunelveli district, Tamil Nadu India: a GIS approach. Environ Earth Sci 64:373–381
Magesh NS, Chandrasekar N, Vetha Roy D (2011b) Spatial analysis of trace element contamination in sediments of Tamiraparani estuary, southeast coast of India. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 92:618–628
Mondal D, Gupta S, Reddy DV, Nagabhushanam P (2014) Geochemical controls on fluoride concentrations in groundwater from alluvial aquifers of the Birbhum district, West Bengal. India J Geochem Explor 145:190–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2014.06.005
Nag SK, Suchetana B (2016) Groundwater quality and its suitability for irrigation and domestic purposes: a study in Rajnagar Block, Birbhum District, West Bengal, India. J Earth Sci Clim Change 7:337. https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.1000337
Piper AM (1953) A graphic procedure in the geochemical interpretation of water analysis. United States Geological Survey, Washington D.C (ISBN ASIN: B0007HRZ36)
Quddus KG, Zaman MW (1996) Irrigation water quality in some selected villages of Meherpur in Bangladesh. J Agric Sci 23(1):51–57
Radstake F, Attia FAR, Lennaerts ABM (1988) Forecasting groundwater suitability for irrigation—a case study in the Nile valley, Egypt. J Hydrol 98:103–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(88)90208-9
Raghunath HM (1987) Groundwater. ISBN-10: 0470206985, New Age International (P) Ltd. Publishers
Raj D, Shaji E (2017) Fluoride contamination in groundwater resources of Alleppey, Southern India. Geosci Front 8:117–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2016.01.002
Raychaudhuri M, Raychaudhuri S, Jena SK, Kumar A, Srivastava RC (2014) WQI to monitor water quality for irrigation and potable use. Res Bull (71). https://www.iiwm.res.in/pdf/Bulletin_71.pdf. Accessed 12 Feb 2017
Richards LA (1954) Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils, U. S. Department of Agriculture Handbook, 60 Washington DC, USA. 160. https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/20360500/hb60_pdf/hb60complete.pdf. Accessed 12 Feb 2017
Sarath-Prasanth SV, Magesh NS, Jitheshlal KV, Chandrasekar N, Gangadhar K (2012) Evaluation of groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and agricultural use in the coastal stretch of Alappuzha District, Kerala. India. Appl. Water Sci. 2012(2):165–175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-012-0042-5
Sen KK, Vijaya (2005) Palynological study of the Dubrajpur formation in the Mesozoic succession, Pachami area, Birbhum coalfield, West Bengal. J Palaeontol Soc Ind. 50(1):121–133
Sen KK, Datta RK, Bandopadhaya SK (1987) Birbhum Coalfield—a major coalfield discovered. In: Proceeding in national level seminar on coal resource India, pp 417–427
Sharma DA, Rishi MS, Keesari T (2016) Evaluation of groundwater quality and suitability for irrigation and drinking purposes in southwest Punjab, India using hydrochemical approach. Appl Water Sci 7(6):3137–3150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-016-0456-6
Thapa R, Gupta S, Kaur H (2017a) Delineation of potential fluoride contamination zones in Birbhum, West Bengal, India, using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Arab J Geosci 10(527):1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-017-3328-y
Thapa R, Gupta S, Reddy DV (2017b) Application of geospatial modeling technique in the delineation of fluoride contamination zones within Dwarka Basin, Birbhum. India Geosci Front 8(5):1105–1114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2016.11.006
Thapa R, Gupta S, Guin S, Kaur H (2017c) Assessment of groundwater potential zones using multi-influencing factor (MIF) and GIS: a case study from Birbhum district, West Bengal. Appl Water Sci 7(7):4117–4131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-017-0571-z
Thapa R, Gupta S, Gupta A, Reddy DV, Kaur H (2017d) Use of geospatial technology for delineating groundwater potential zones with anemphasis on water-table analysis in Dwarka River basin, Birbhum, India. Hydrogeol J 26(3):899–922. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-017-1683-
Thapa R, Gupta S, Reddy DV, Kaur H (2017e) An evaluation of irrigation water suitability in the Dwarka river basin through the use of GIS based modeling. Environ Earth Sci 76:471. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6804-5
Thapa R, Gupta S, Guin S, Kaur H (2018a) Sensitivity analysis and mapping the potential groundwater vulnerability zones in Birbhum district, India: a comparative approach between vulnerability models. Water Sci 32(1):44–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsj.2018.02.003
Thapa R, Gupta S, Gupta A, Reddy DV, Kaur H (2018b) Geochemical and geostatistical appraisal of fluoride contamination: an insight into the Quaternary aquifer. Sci Total Environ 640–641(2018):406–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.360
Thapa R, Gupta S, Kaur H, Mandal R (2018c) Assessment of manganese contamination in groundwater using frequency ratio (FR) modeling and GIS: a case study on Burdwan district, West Bengal, India. MESE 4(1):161–174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-018-0433-11
Thapa R, Gupta S, Reddy DV, Kaur H (2018d) Comparative evaluation of water quality zonation within Dwarka River Basin, India. Hydrol Sci J 63(4):583–595. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2018.1445255
Todd DK (1980) Groundwater hydrology, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York, p 535. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.3350170407.
Waikar ML, Nilawar AP (2014) Identification of groundwater potential zone using remote sensing and GIS Technique. Int J Innov Res Sci Eng Technol 3(5):12163–12174
WBPhed (2017) West Bengal Public Health Engineering Department, Govt. of West Bengal https://www.wbphed.gov.in/. Accessed Jan 2017
WHO (1984) Guidelines for drinking water quality V.1 Recommendations. Switzerland: Geneva, 828:130. Accessed 9 Sept 2017
WHO (2008) Guidelines for drinking-water quality third edition incorporating the first and second addenda volume 1 recommendations. https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/fulltext.pdf
WHO (2011) Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality. 4th edn. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44584/1/9789241548151_eng.pdf
Zouahri A, Dakak H, Douaik A, Khadir ME, Moussadek R (2015) Evaluation of groundwater suitability for irrigation in the Skhirat region, Northwest of Morocco. Environ Monit Assess 187:4184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-4184-9
Zulu G, Toyoto M, Misawa S (1996) Characteristics of water reuse and its effect on paddy irrigation system water balance and riceland ecosystem. Agric Water Manag 31(3):269–283
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to extend their gratitude to DST (Project No. SB/ES-687/2013 dated 24.03.15), Govt. of India for providing financial support for this research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Thapa, R., Gupta, S. & Kaur, H. Introducing an irrigation water quality index (IWQI) based on the case study of the Dwarka River basin, Birbhum, West Bengal, India. Sustain. Water Resour. Manag. 6, 86 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-020-00450-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-020-00450-3