Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Correlation-Based Studies on Resilient Modulus Values for Fiber-Reinforced Lime-Blended Clay

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In the design protocols of pavement subgrade layers, the resilient modulus (MR) property assumes importance in evaluating the performance during their life-time under sustainable repeated or dynamics traffic-loads. The aim of this study is to evaluate the improvements achieved on the subgrade layers of fiber-treated lime-blended expansive soil. Two types of fibers exhibiting different surface properties were considered and their length(s) and dosage(s) (by dry weight of soil) were varied as 6 mm and 12 mm; and 0.2% and 0.6%, respectively. To ensure bonding between fiber and soil particles, dehydrated lime has been added to the soil-fiber mixture. The compacted specimens were cured up to 28 days. Dynamic resilient modulus MR tests were carried out in the laboratory for soil–lime-fiber mixtures using dynamic triaxial device. The obtained MR values were correlated with California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and Unconfined Compression Strength (UCS) values and appropriate models have been proposed to estimate MR. The results show significant increments in MR due to fiber reinforcement and are affected by fiber type, length and dosage. The proposed models considering CBR and UCS to predict MR have shown excellent correlations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

References

  1. Nalbantoglu Z, Tuncer ER (2001) Compressibility and hydraulic conductivity of chemically treated expansive clay. Can Geotech J 38(1):154–160. https://doi.org/10.1139/t00-076

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Al-Rawas AA, Hago AW, Al-Sarmi H (2005) Effect of lime, cement and saroj on the swelling potential of an expansive soil from Oman. Build Environ 40(5):681–687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.08.028

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Khattab SAA, Al-Taie LKI (2006) Soil-water characteristic curves (SWCC) for lime treated expansive soil from Mosul City. Unsaturated Soils 2006, ASCE, Reston, VA, pp 1671–1682

  4. Puppala AJ, Punthutaecha K, Vanapalli SK (2006) Soil-water characteristic curves of stabilized expansive soils. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:6(736)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Al-Mahbashi AM (2014) Soil water characteristic curves of treated and untreated highly expansive soil subjected to different stresses. In: M.Sc. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, King Saud Univ

  6. Al-Mahbashi AM, Elkady TY, Alrefeai TO (2015) Soil water characteristic curve and improvement in lime treated expansive soil. Geomech Eng 8(5):687–706. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2015.8.5.687

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Li J, Tang C, Wang D, Pei X, Shi B (2014) Effect of discrete fibre reinforcement on soil tensile strength. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 6(2):133–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2014.01.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Malekzadeh M, Bilsel H (2014) Hydro-mechanical behavior of polypropylene fiber reinforced expansive soils. KSCE J Civ Eng 18(7):2028–2033. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-014-0389-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Moghal AAB, Chittoori BS, Basha BM, Al-Mahbashi AM (2018) Effect of polypropylene fibre reinforcement on the consolidation, swell and shrinkage behaviour of lime-blended expansive soil. Int J Geotech Eng 12(5):462–471. https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2017.1297002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Al-Mahbashi AM, Al-Shamrani MA, Moghal AAB (2020) Soil-water characteristic curve and one-dimensional deformation characteristics of fiber-reinforced lime-blended expansive soil. J Mater Civ Eng 32(6):04020125. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Hojjati F, Sarkar A (2019) Mechanical properties of soil reinforced with polypropylene fiber. Proc Inst Civ Eng Constr Mater. https://doi.org/10.1680/jcoma.18.00057

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Puppala AJ, Mohammad LN, Allen A (1996) Engineering behavior of lime-treated Louisiana subgrade soil. Transp Res Rec 1546(1):24–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198196154600103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Little DN (1996) Evaluation of resilient and strength properties of lime-stabilized soils from the Denver, Colorado Area. In: Report for the Chemical Lime Company

  14. Solanki P, Zaman MM, Dean J (2010) Resilient modulus of clay subgrades stabilized with lime, class C fly ash, and cement kiln dust for pavement design. Transp Res Rec 2186(1):101–110. https://doi.org/10.3141/2186-11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Rout R, Ruttanapormakul P, Valluru S, Puppala A (2012) Resilient moduli behavior of lime-cement treated subgrade soils. In: Presented at GeoCongress 2012, Oakland, CA, March 25–29, ASCE, Reston, pp 1428–1437. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784412121.147

  16. Toohey NM, Mooney MA, Bearce RG (2013) Relationship between resilient modulus and unconfined compressive strength for lime-stabilized soils. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 139(11):1982–1985. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000925

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Moazami D, Yusoff ZM, Muniandy R, Hamid H (2013) Effect of stabilizers on stiffness modulus of soil layers: a review. Int J Phys Sci 8(32):1602–1610. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJPS2013.3940

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Elkady T, Al-Mahbashi A, Al-Shamrani M (2015) Resilient modulus of lime treated expansive subgrade. In: 15th Panamerican Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Buenos Aires, Argentina, pp 1631–1638. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-603-3-1631

  19. Yuan H, Li W, Wang Y, Lin H, Liu Y (2019) Resilient modulus—physical parameters relationship of improved red clay by dynamic tri-axial test. Appl Sci 9(6):1155. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9061155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Gupta G, Sood H, Gupta PK (2020) Mathematical modelling of resilient modulus response of fibre reinforced clay subgrade for pavement design. J Interdiscip Math 23(1):247–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/09720502.2020.1721920

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Chavva PK, Vanapalli SK, Puppala AJ, Hoyos L (2005) Evaluation of strength, resilient moduli, swell, and shrinkage characteristics of four chemically treated sulfate soils from north Texas. In: Geo-Frontiers Congress 2005, Innovations in Grouting and Soil Improvement, pp 1–10.‏ https://doi.org/10.1061/40783(162)18

  22. Yang SR, Huang WH, Liao CC (2008) Correlation between resilient modulus and plastic deformation for cohesive subgrade soil under repeated loading. Transp Res Rec 2053(1):72–79. https://doi.org/10.3141/2053-09

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Dai S, Zollars J (2002) Resilient modulus of Minnesota road research project subgrade soil. Transp Res Rec 1786(1):20–28. https://doi.org/10.3141/1786-03

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. George KP (2004) Prediction of resilient modulus from soil index properties, final report, conducted by the Department of Civil Engineering at University of Mississippi, Mississippi

  25. Rahim AM (2005) Subgrade soil index properties to estimate resilient modulus for pavement design. Int J Pavement Eng 6(3):163–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298430500140891

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Coleri E (2007) Relationship between resilient modulus and soil index properties of unbound materials. In: MS thesis. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey

  27. Lee W, Bohra NC, Altschaeffl AG, White TD (1997) Resilient modulus of cohesive soils. J Geotech Geoenviron eng 123(2):131–136. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1997)123:2(131)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Hossain MS, Kim WS (2015) Estimation of subgrade resilient modulus for fine-grained soil from unconfined compression test. Transp Res Rec 2473(1):126–135. https://doi.org/10.3141/2473-15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Mendoza C, Caicedo B (2019) Elastoplastic framework of relationships between CBR and Young’s modulus for fine grained materials. Transp Geotech 21:100280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2019.100280

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Barksdale RD, Alba J, Khosla NP, Kim R, Lambe PC, Rahman MS (1997) Laboratory determination of resilient modulus for flexible pavement design. (No. NCHRP Project 1–28). In: Issue No: 14, Washington, DC: The National Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/6353

  31. Razouki SS, Kuttah DK (2004) Effect of soaking period and surcharge load on resilient modulus and California bearing ratio of gypsiferous soils. Q J Eng Geol Hydrogeol 37(2):155–164. https://doi.org/10.1144/1470-9236/04-002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Arshad M (2019) Development of a correlation between the resilient modulus and CBR value for granular blends containing natural aggregates and RAP/RCA materials. Adv Mater Sci Eng. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8238904

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. ASTM D854 (2014) Standard Test methods for specific gravity of soil solids by water pycnometer. In: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.

  34. ASTM D4318 (2017) Standard test methods for liquid limit, plastic limit and plasticity index of soils. In: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA

  35. ASTM D4546 (2014) Standard test methods for one-dimensional swell or collapse of soils. In: ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA

  36. ASTM D4829 (2011) Standard test method for expansion index of soils. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM

  37. Moghal AAB, Obaid AAK, Al-Refeai TO (2013) Effect of accelerated loading on the compressibility characteristics of lime-treated Semiarid soils. J Mater Civ Eng 26(5):1009–1016. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000882

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Miller JC, Rifai S (2004) Fiber reinforcement for waste containment soil liners. J Environ Eng 130(8):891–895. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2004)130:8(891)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Moghal AAB, Chittoori BS, Basha BM (2018) Effect of fibre reinforcement on CBR behavior of lime blended expansive soils: reliability approach. Road Mater Pavement Des 19(3):690–709. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2016.1272479

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Moghal AAB, Rehman AU, Chittoori BS (2017) Optimizing fiber parameters coupled with chemical treatment: Promethee approach. In: Geo-Frontiers 2017, Geotechnical Special Publication, 280, 30–41. Reston, VA: ASCE

  41. Almajed A, Dinesh S, Moghal AAB (2021) Response surface method analysis of chemically stabilized fiber-reinforced soil. Materials 14(6):1535. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14061535

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Shaker AA, Al-Shamrani MA, Moghal AAB, Vydehi KV (2021) Effect of confining conditions on the hydraulic conductivity behavior of fiber-reinforced lime blended semiarid soil. Materials 14(11):3120. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14113120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Rehman AU, Moghal AAB (2018) The influence & optimisation of treatment strategy in enhancing semi-arid soil geotechnical properties. Arab J Sci Eng 43(10):5129–5141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-017-2942-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Moghal AAB, Obaid AAK, Al-Refeai TO, Al-Shamrani MA (2015) Compressibility and durability characteristics of lime treated expansive semiarid soils. J Test Eval 43(2):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE20140060

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Moghal AAB, Chittoori BS, Basha BM, Al-Shamrani MA (2017) Target reliability approach to study the effect of fiber reinforcement on UCS behavior of lime treated semi-arid soil. J Mater Civ Eng 29(6):04017014. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001835

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. ASTM D6276 (2019) Standard test method for using pH to estimate the soil-lime proportion requirement for soil stabilization. In: West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM

  47. ASTM D698 (2012) Standard test methods for laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using standard effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600 kN-m/m3)), ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. http://www.astm.org

  48. Liu JY, Yan YW, Liu ZH, Huang Y (2020) Experimental study on static and dynamic compressive resilient modulus. J Highway Transp Res Dev (Engl Ed) 14(3):44–52. https://doi.org/10.1061/JHTRCQ.0000741

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. AASHTO T 307-99 (2007) Standard method of test for determining the resilient modulus of soils and aggregate materials, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC

  50. ASTM D2166 (2016) Standard test method for unconfined compressive strength of cohesive soil. IN: Vol. 4.08 D-18 Committee on soils and rocks. West Conshohocken, PA, USA: ASTM International

  51. Moghal AAB, Basha BM, Ashfaq M (2019) Probabilistic study on the geotechnical behavior of fiber reinforced soil. In: Latha GM (ed) Frontiers in geotechnical engineering. Developments in geotechnical engineering. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5871-5_17

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  52. ASTM D1883 (2014) Standard test method for California bearing ratio (CBR) of laboratory compacted soils. IN: West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International

  53. Atkinson JH (2000) Non-linear soil stiffness in routine design. Géotechnique 50(5):487–508. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2000.50.5.487

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Zhang J, Peng J, Liu W, Lu W (2019) Predicting resilient modulus of fine-grained subgrade soils considering relative compaction and matric suction. Road Mater Pavement Des. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2019.1651756

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Lu Z, Zhao Y, Xian S, Yao H (2020) Experimental study on dynamic resilient modulus of lime-treated expansive soil. Adv Mater Sci Eng 2020:10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3272681

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Thompson MR, Elliott RP (1985) ILLI-PAVE based response algorithms for design of conventional flexible pavements. In: Transportation Research Record 1043:50–57. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board, National Research Council

  57. Tang C, Wang D, Cui Y, Shi B, Li J (2016) Tensile strength of fiber-reinforced soil. J Mater Civ Eng 28(7):04016031. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001546

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Hejazi SM, Sheikhzadeh M, Abtahi SM, Zadhoush A (2012) A simple review of soil reinforcement by using natural and synthetic fibers. Constr Build Mater 30:100–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.11.045

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Ali M, Aziz M, Hamza M, Madni MF (2020) Engineering properties of expansive soil treated with polypropylene fibers. Geomech Eng 22(3):227–236. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2020.22.3.227

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Powell WD, Potter JF, Mayhew HC, Nunn ME (1984) The structural design of bituminous roads. TRRL Report LR. pp 62–1132

  61. Thompson MR, Robnett QL (1979) Resilient properties of subgrade soils. J Transp Eng 105(1):71–89. https://doi.org/10.1061/TPEJAN.0000772

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University, for funding this research through Vice Deanship of Scientific Research Chairs Program. The authors thank the reviewers for their constructive comments which helped the cause of the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Contributions

AMA (First Author) and AABM (Third Author) conceived this research, designed, performed experiments and wrote the paper; MAA (Third Author) acquired funding for this research and participated in the interpretation of the data; KVV (Fourth Author) assisted in the analysis and participated in the revisions of it. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Arif Ali Baig Moghal.

Ethics declarations

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no potential conflict of interest in relation to the study in this paper.

Authors declaration

The manuscript of this paper, even with a minor overlap with text, research objectives, presentation of research data, figures/photographs, tables, research findings, conclusions, etc., has not been submitted to any other journal for simultaneous consideration. Also, no part of this paper manuscript has been published earlier by me/us and others at any publication platform (technical journal, conference proceedings, magazine, newspaper, etc.). The details as reported in this paper are truly my/our unpublished original research work in all aspects.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Al-Mahbashi, A.M., Al-Shamrani, M.A., Moghal, A.A.B. et al. Correlation-Based Studies on Resilient Modulus Values for Fiber-Reinforced Lime-Blended Clay. Int. J. of Geosynth. and Ground Eng. 7, 59 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-021-00305-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-021-00305-7

Keywords

Navigation