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Recent Advancements and Associated Challenges of Scaffold Fabrication Techniques in Tissue Engineering Applications

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Abstract

Active research in tissue engineering is conducted in concern with different systems of body to regenerate the diseased or injured tissues. Scaffold is the cornerstone in tissue engineering which acts as a template for growing cells. The selection of biomaterials for the preparation of scaffolds is thus an important aspect to take into consideration. Various studies involving the use of different biomaterials (ceramics, natural and synthetic polymers) in scaffolds fabrication are discussed. This review mainly enlists various scaffold manufacturing techniques which are classified as conventional and rapid prototyping methods. Among the different conventional methods discussed in this review, electrospinning was found to be a versatile technique and is powerful in production of 3D nanofibrous structures. The recent advances in rapid prototyping methods lead to the development of 3D printing and bioprinting which are found to be potent scaffold fabricating techniques. The rapid prototyping methods have the potential to overcome the limitations of conventional methods. Few studies have implemented additive manufacturing techniques by combining different methods in preparation of scaffolds and have shown superior results. Even though there are well developed fabrication techniques, the limitations associated with each technique as described in this review should be carefully assessed and more studies to be conducted on modification/improvement of these techniques to exclude the limitations. In future days, the 3D printing and bioprinting have a potential to be the superior scaffold fabrication technique and there will be an enormous increase in usage of 3D printed organs in patients suffering with different pathological conditions.

Lay Summary

Scaffolds are found to be the backbone of tissue engineering. The fabrication of scaffolds thus gained a huge interest in the recent years as there are many techniques available. We, herein, have described various scaffold fabrications techniques with associated challenges and their current applications, hoping that the challenges will be addressed by the researchers in future studies. We also discussed about various biomaterials involved in fabrication of scaffolds and their applications. Recent advances in fabrication of scaffolds are enlisted; 3D printing and bioprinting were found to be the outstanding and newer ones. The pros and cons of different techniques and importance in tissue engineering/regenerative medicine were briefed.

Representation of scaffold fabrication techniques

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  1. Department of Pharmacology, GITAM Institute of Pharmacy, GITAM deemed to be University, Visakhapatnam, 530045, India

    Arun Koyyada & Prabhakar Orsu

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Koyyada, A., Orsu, P. Recent Advancements and Associated Challenges of Scaffold Fabrication Techniques in Tissue Engineering Applications. Regen. Eng. Transl. Med. 7, 147–159 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40883-020-00166-y

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