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Intergenerational Associations in Crime for an At-Risk Sample of US Men: Factors that May Mitigate or Exacerbate Transmission

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Abstract

The purpose of the study was to examine moderation of intergenerational transmission of crime and antisocial behavior of parents to adult arrests of sons (from age 18 years to ages 37–38 years). Moderators examined were from late childhood (constructive parenting and sons’ inhibitory control, internalizing symptoms, and cognitive function), adolescence (delinquency and deviant peer association), and early adulthood (educational achievement, employment history, substance use, deviant peer association, and partner antisocial behavior). Study participants were parents and sons (N = 206) from the longitudinal Oregon Youth Study, recruited from schools in the higher crime areas of a medium-sized metropolitan region in the Pacific Northwest. Assessment included official arrest records, school data, interviews, and questionnaires. As hypothesized, parents’ and sons’ histories of two or more arrests were significantly associated. Predictions of sons’ arrests from a broader construct of parental antisocial behavior were significantly moderated by sons’ late childhood cognitive function and early adult employment history, substance use, and romantic partner’s antisocial behavior. Overall, there was relatively little intergenerational association in crime at low levels of these moderators. Findings indicate relatively large intergenerational associations in crime. The identified moderators may be used as selection criteria or targeted in prevention and treatment efforts aimed at reducing such associations.

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Notes

  1. As discussed by MacKinnon and Luecken (2008), moderation “. . . considers the unique conditions under which two variables are related. A moderator variable is one in which the relation between the independent variable and dependent variable changes across levels of the moderator. . . . Moderators are included in statistical models as an interaction term.” (p. 599). As they describe, if the hypothesized moderator is continuous, “then the relation between the independent and dependent variable may differ across the values of the third variable” (p. 599).

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the individuals who participated in this study, and the study staff including Project Coordinator Shivan Tucci and Editorial Assistant Sally Schwader.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), US PHS to Dr. Capaldi: Award Number R01 DA 015485 (Intergenerational Studies Consortium: Understanding Mechanisms of Family Substance Use Transmission of Effects of Marijuana Legalization) from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Oregon Social Learning Center, 10 Shelton McMurphey Blvd, Eugene, OR, 97401, USA

    Deborah M. Capaldi, David C. R. Kerr, Lee D. Owen & Stacey S. Tiberio

  2. Department of Psychological, Health, and Learning Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA

    Margit Wiesner

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  1. Deborah M. Capaldi
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  2. Margit Wiesner
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  3. David C. R. Kerr
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  4. Lee D. Owen
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  5. Stacey S. Tiberio
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Contributions

Dr. Capaldi was Principal Investigator of the Oregon Youth Study and planned the conceptual approach of the present study, in discussions with Drs. Wiesner and Kerr. Mr. Owen conducted the data analysis and prepared tables, descriptions of measures, and the analytic plan. Dr. Capaldi wrote the first draft of the manuscript, Drs. Wiesner and Kerr made substantial additions and modifications, and Mr. Owen reviewed the draft and checked all numbers. Dr. Tiberio consulted on the analytic models and critically reviewed and edited the submitted manuscript and responses to peer review.

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Correspondence to Deborah M. Capaldi.

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Capaldi, D.M., Wiesner, M., Kerr, D.C.R. et al. Intergenerational Associations in Crime for an At-Risk Sample of US Men: Factors that May Mitigate or Exacerbate Transmission. J Dev Life Course Criminology 7, 331–358 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40865-021-00168-6

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