Abstract
Purpose of review
The emergence of specific treatment of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) using eculizumab has allowed renal function recovery and safe kidney transplantation (KT). Early and precise recognition of complement-mediated (CM) atypical HUS (aHUS) is challenging and differs between children and adults. Our aim is to facilitate a decision-making process on HUS management.
Recent findings
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) represents a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by systemic endothelial cell injury, most often involving kidney, and which leads to thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). Many inherited factors and environmental triggers cause HUS, but in children and the young, 90% are related to Shiga toxin-producing-Escherichia coli (STEC). Most non-STEC-HUS present primary complement (C) dysregulation and defective protection against C injury at the endothelial surface. Before eculizumab, CM-aHUS mortality was 60%, and progression to end stage kidney disease the rule, with frequent relapses after KT. Worldwide, the most common questions are who could benefit the most from C blockade, the most appropriate monitoring strategy for these individuals, and optimal duration of treatment with eculizumab.
Summary
HUS is a life-threatening disease with poor outcome if untreated. Early and clear distinction between aHUS from other primary TMA (thrombotic thrombocytopenic-purpura, STEC-HUS), rare non-CM-aHUS, and secondary TMA is required as clinical features overlap. The current approach is terminology consensus, classification based on disease pathogenic mechanisms, and patient risk stratification.
Similar content being viewed by others
References and Recommended Reading
Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance
Loirat C, Saland J, Bitzan M. Management of hemolytic uremic syndrome. Presse Med. 2012;41(3 Pt 2):e115–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lpm.2011.11.013.
•• Fakhouri F, Zuber J, Frémeaux-Bacchi V, Loirat C. Haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Lancet. 2017;390(10095):681–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30062-4. Recent and very detailed, high-quality review of HUS focused on differential diagnosis and treatment management in different subgroups of patients.
Gasser C, Gauthier E, Steck A. Hemolytisch uremische syndrome. Med Wochenschr. 1955;85:905–9.
Gianantonio C, Vitaco M, Mendilaharzu F, Gallo G, Sojo E. Hemolytic uremic syndrome. J Pediatr. 1964;64:478–91.
Karmali M, Steele B, Petric M, Lim C. Sporadic cases of HUS associated with fecal cytotoxin producing E. Coli in stools. Lancet. 1983;1:619–20.
Berns JS, Kaplan BS, Mackow RC, Hefter LG. Inherited hemolytic uremic syndrome in adults. Am J Kidney Dis. 1992;19:331–4.
Warwicker P, Goodship THJ, Goodship JA. 3 Novel polymorphisms in the human complement factor H gene and promoter region. Immunogenetics. 1997;46:437–8.
Warwicker P, Goodship TH, Donne RL, Pirson Y, Nicholls A, Ward RM, et al. Genetic studies into inherited and sporadic hemolytic uremic syndrome. Kidney Int. 1998;53(4):836–44.
Loirat C, Frémeaux-Bacchi V. Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2011;6:60. https://doi.org/10.1186/1750-1172-6-60.
Trachtman H, Austin C, Lewinski M, Stahl RA. Renal and neurological involvement in typical Shiga toxin-associated HUS. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2012;8(11):658–69. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneph.2012.196.
Johnson S, Stojanovic J, Ariceta G, Bitzan M, Besbas N, Frieling M, et al. An audit analysis of a guideline for the investigation and initial therapy of diarrhea negative (atypical) hemolytic uremic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol. 2014;29(10):1967–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-014-2817-4.
•• Loirat C, Fakhouri F, Ariceta G, et al. An international consensus approach to the management of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2016;31(1):15–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-015-3076-8. International expert consensus for diagnosis and management of aHUS in pediatric patients.
Ariceta G, Besbas N, Johnson S, Karpman D, Landau D, Licht C, et al. Guideline for the investigation and initial therapy of diarrhea negative hemolytic uremic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol. 2009;24:687–96.
Fremeaux-Bacchi V, Fakhouri F, Garnier A, et al. Genetics and outcome of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome: a nationwide French series comparing children and adults. CJASN. 2013;8(4):554–62.
•• Schaefer F, Ardissino G, Ariceta G, et al. Global aHUS Registry. Clinical and genetic predictors of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome phenotype and outcome. Kidney Int. 2018;94(2):408–18 Real-world data regarding diagnosis and treatment of aHUS patients with eculizumab collected at the largest disease global disease registry.
Striker G, Striker LJ, D’Agati V. Hemolytic uremic syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytic purpura. In: Striker G, Striker LJ, D’Agati V, editors. The renal biopsy. Major problems in pathology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company; 1997.
Tarr PI, Gordon CA, Chandler WL. Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli and haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Lancet. 2005;365:1073–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71144-2.
Noris M, Remuzzi G. Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1676–87. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra0902814.
•• Scully M, Cataland S, Coppo P, de la Rubia J, Friedman KD, Kremer Hovinga J, et al. International Working Group for Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura. Consensus on the standardization of terminology in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and related thrombotic microangiopathies. J Thromb Haemost. 2017;15(2):312–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.13571. Nice review of current terminology and need for standardization of TMA subgroups.
Noris M, Caprioli J, Bresin E, et al. Relative role of genetic complement abnormalities in sporadic and familial aHUS and their impact on clinical phenotype. CJASN. 2010;5(10):1844–59.
Sellier-Leclerc AL, Fremeaux-Bacchi V, Dragon-Durey, Macher MA, Niaudet P, Guest G, et al. Differential impact of complement mutations on clinical characteristics in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18:2392–00.
•• Campistol JM, Arias M, Ariceta G, Blasco M, Espinosa L, Espinosa M, et al. An update for atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome: diagnosis and treatment. A consensus document. Nefrologia. 2015;35(5):421–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nefro.2015.07.005. Expert consensus for diagnosis and management of aHUS in adult patients.
• Legendre CM, Licht C, Muus P, Greenbaum LA, Babu S, Bedrosian C, et al. Terminal complement inhibitor eculizumab in atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:2169–81 Main publication with the pivotal clinical trial leading to eculizumab approval as specific treatment for aHUS in adult patients.
Fakhouri F, Hourmant M, Campistol JM, et al. Terminal complement inhibitor eculizumab in adult patients with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome: a single-arm, open-label trial. Am J Kidney Dis. 2016;2016:84–93.
•• Greenbaum LA, Fila M, Ardissino G, et al. Eculizumab is a safe and effective treatment in pediatric patients with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Kidney Int. 2016;89:701–11 Main publication with the pivotal clinical trial leading to eculizumab approval as specific treatment for aHUS in pediatric patients.
• Licht C, Greenbaum LA, Muus P, et al. Efficacy and safety of eculizumab in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome from 2-year extensions of phase 2 studies. Kidney Int. 2015;87:1061–73 Main publication with the results of studies extension of pivotal clinical trial leading to eculizumab approval as specific treatment for aHUS in adult and pediatric patients.
Fakhouri F, Loirat C. Anticomplement treatment in atypical and typical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Semin Hematol. 2018;55(3):150–8. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.seminhematol.2018.04.009.
Zuber J, Le Quintrec M, Krid S, et al. French study group for atypical HUS. Eculizumab for atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome recurrence in renal transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2012;12(12):3337–54.
Tsai HM, Lian EC. Antibodies to von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease in acute thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1585–94. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199811263392203.
Kavanagh D, Goodship TH, Richards A. Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Semin Nephrol. 2013;33:508–30.
Nester CM, Barbour T, de Cordoba SR, et al. Atypical aHUS: state of the art. Mol Immunol. 2015;67(1):31–42.
•• Goodship TH, Cook HT, Fakhouri F, Fervenza FC, Frémeaux-Bacchi V, Kavanagh D, et al. Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and C3 glomerulopathy: conclusions from a “Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes” (KDIGO) Controversies Conference. Kidney Int. 2017;91(3):539–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2016.10.005. Recent International expert consensus document for diagnosis and management of aHUS and other renal diseases driven by complement abnormalities.
Ariceta G. Optimal duration of treatment with eculizumab in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS)-a question to be addressed in a scientific way. Pediatr Nephrol. 2019;34(5):943–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-019-4192-7.
Volokhina E, Wijnsma K, van der Molen R, et al. Eculizumab dosing regimen in atypical HUS: possibilities for individualized treatment. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2017;102:671–8.
Ardissino G, Testa S, Possenti I, et al. Discontinuation of eculizumab maintenance treatment for atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome: a report of 10 case.s. Am J Kidney Dis. 2014;64(4):633–7.
Ardissino G, Tel F, Sgarbanti M, et al. Complement functional tests for monitoring eculizumab treatment in patients with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome: an update. Pediatr Nephrol. 2018;33(3):457–61.
Mele C, Remuzzi G, Noris M. Hemolytic uremic syndrome. Semin Immunopathol. 2014;36(4):399–420.
Macia M, de Alvaro Moreno F, Dutt T, et al. Current evidence on the discontinuation of eculizumab in patients with atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Clin Kidney J. 2017;10(3):310–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfw115.
Gruppo RA, Rother RP. Eculizumab for congenital atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:544–6.
Cavero T, Rabasco C, López A, et al. Eculizumab in secondary atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2017;32(3):466–74. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfw453.
Roumenina LT, Jablonski M, Hue C, et al. Hyperfunctional C3 convertase leads to complement deposition on endothelial cells and contributes to atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Blood. 2009;114(13):2837–45.
• Noris M, Galbusera M, Gastoldi S, et al. Dynamics of complement activation in aHUS and how to monitor eculizumab therapy. Blood. 2014;124(11):1715–26 This article explains the current challenges in aHUS disease activity and patient monitoring.
Furlan M, Robles R, Galbusera M, et al. von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and the hemolytic-uremic syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1578–84.
Loirat C, Garnier A, Sellier-Leclerc AL, Kwon T. Plasmatherapy in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2010;36:673–81.
• Olson LE, Sulpizio E, Shatzel JJ, Rueda JF, De Loughery TG. When to stop eculizumab in complement-mediated thrombotic microangiopathies. Am J Nephrol. 2018;48(2):96–107. https://doi.org/10.1159/000492033. Recent review of current status of eculizumab treatment duration and monitoring.
Food US, Administration D. Soliris (eculizumab) [prescribing information]. Cheshire: Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; 2015.
Rondeau E, Scully M, Ariceta G, et al. The long-acting C5 inhibitor, Ravulizumab, is effective and safe in adult patients with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome naive to complement inhibitor treatment. Kidney Int. 2020;97(6):1287–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2020.01.035.
European Medicines Agency. Soliris (eculizumab): EU summary of product characteristics http://www.emea.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR__Product_Information/human/000791/WC500054208.pdf. Accessed 31 Oct 2020.
Menne J, Delmas Y, Fakhouri F, et al. Eculizumab prevents thrombotic microangiopathy in patients with atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome in a long-term observational study. Clin Kidney J. 2018:1–10.
Fakhouri F, Fila M, Provôt F, et al. Pathogenic variants in complement genes and risk of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome relapse after eculizumab discontinuation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;12(1):50–9. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.06440616.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
Dr. Ariceta reports lecture and travelling support from Alexion, Chiesi, Recordati Rare Diseases, and Kyowa Kirim. She also reports advisory activity for Alexion, Chiesi, Recordati Rare Diseases, Kyowa Kirim, Advicenne, Dicerna and Alnylam. She is also a Scientific Advisory Board member of the global Registry of HUS (supported by Alexion).
Human and animal rights and informed consent
This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ariceta, G. Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome. Curr Treat Options Peds 6, 252–262 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40746-020-00216-1
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40746-020-00216-1