Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Veterinary allergy diagnosis: past, present and future perspectives

  • Review
  • Published:
Allergo Journal International Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Fleas, several aeroallergens as well as many food allergens are the most common allergenic sources for animals and frequent cause of allergic reactions with different target organs such as skin, eyes, and respiratory or digestive systems.

Allergy diagnosis needs to follow well-established guidelines under clinical and laboratory approaches. Since 1980 with the Hanifin & Rajka’s criteria for the diagnosis of atopic dermatitis (AD) in humans, successive proposals have been developed to identify atopic dermatitis in dogs. A consensual plan was first proposed by Willemse in 1986 undergoing several modifications in 1994. Prélaud and colleagues made important changes to the plan in 1998 and it was further adjusted by Favrot in 2009. In 2010, this plan was approved by the International Task Force on Canine Atopic Dermatitis (CAD). It was subjected in 2015 to minor updates with regard to therapeutic options.

To improve diagnostic accuracy by integrating the basic knowledge on sensitization development and allergen nature and diversity, allergen sources and implicated molecular allergens for animals should be clearly identified. As well as in human medicine, this molecular epidemiology concept is essential for the veterinary allergy diagnosis in the near future, standing as the basis of a component-resolved diagnosis (CRD). Besides current pharma- cotherapy, it will be highly relevant to increase the efficiency of the avoidance measures and specific immunotherapy.

Clinical guidelines will lead to at least 80 % of positive diagnosis of atopy, but newer laboratory methods in veterinary medicine aiming to a more precise diagnosis and a better integration of the clinical/laboratory diagnostic course are needed.

Allergoms identification for animals, from different allergen sources proteoms should become a priority in veterinary allergology, in order to allow the intended CRD, which is essential to understand the cross-reaction phenomena, allowing a more precise and possibly effective component-resolved immunotherapy (CRIT). Further research has been carried out for a better understanding of the interaction between allergic clinical condition and immune pathophysiology.

As well as in human medicine, a deeper knowledge of the molecular immunological mechanisms in veterinary allergy — with their specific allergen triggers — will also provide the veterinary allergist with the necessary information to act more efficiently in the future.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

ACVD:

American College of Veterinary Dermatology

AD:

Atopic dermatitis

ASIT:

Allergen-specific immunotherapy

BAT:

Basophil activation test

CAD:

Canine atopic dermatitis

CADESI:

CAD extent and severity index

CRD:

Component-resolved diagnosis

CRIT:

Component-resolved immunotherapy

DC:

Dendritic cell

ECP:

Eosinophilic cationic protein

ELISA:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

FLG:

Filaggrin

ICADA:

International Committee on Allergic Diseases of Animals

IDT:

Intradermal test

ISAC:

Immune solid-phase allergen chip

IUIS:

International Union of Immunological Societies

LTP:

Lipid-transfer protein

LTT:

Lymphoblastic transformation test

macELISA:

Monoclonal antibody cocktail-based ELISA

PBMC:

Peripheral blood mononuclear cell

SCORAD:

Scoring atopic dermatitis

SPT:

Skin prick test

Treg:

T regulatory cell

References

  1. Roosje P. Canine atopic dermatitis: new concepts. Eur J Comp Anim Pract 2005;15:189–95

    Google Scholar 

  2. Mueller RS, Burrows A, Tsohalis J. Comparison of intradermal testing and serum testing for allergen-specific IgE using monoclonal IgE antibodies in 84 atopic dogs. Aust Vet J 1999;77:290–4

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Martins L, Goicoa A, López J. Allergy diagnosis - An application to dog. Experimental Pathology and Health Sciences 2008;2:51–9.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Osborn SC. Food allergy dermatitis. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference; Orlando, USA. 2006;20:365–6

    Google Scholar 

  5. Lloyd D. Diagnosis and management of adverse food reactions in the dog. Proceedings of the World Congress WSAVA/FECAVA/CSAVA; Prague - Czech Republic 2006;232–5

    Google Scholar 

  6. Picco F, Zini E, Nett C, Naegeli C, Bigler B, Rüfenacht S et al. A prospective study on canine atopic dermatitis and food-induced allergic dermatitis in Switzerland. Vet Dermatol 2008;19:150–5

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Goicoa A, Espino L, Rodríguez I, Puigdemont A, Brazis P, Rejas J. Importance of house dust and storage mites in canine atopic dermatitis in the geographic region of Galicia, Spain. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 2008;56:163–71

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Arlian LG, Schumann RJ, Morgan MS, Glass RL. Serum immunoglobulin E against storage mite allergens in dogs with atopic dermatitis. Am J Vet Res 2003;64:32–6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Bensignor E, Carlotti DN. Sensitivity patterns to house dust mites and forage mites in atopic dogs: 150 cases. Vet Dermatol 2002;13:37–42

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Raffan E, Lawrence H, Henderson T, Nelson S, Isherwood D, McArdle C et al. Prevalence of the group 1 Dermatophagoides allergens Der p 1 and Der f 1 in homes with no dogs, healthy dogs and Dermatophagoides-sensitized atopic dogs in Liverpool. Vet Dermatol 2005;16:253–60

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Beale KM. Atopic dermatitis: clinical signs and diagnosis. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference; Orlando, USA. 2006;20:363–4

  12. Willemse T. Atopic skin disease: a review and a reconsideration of diagnostic criteria. J Small Anim Pract 1986;27:771–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Prélaud P, Guaguère E, Alhaidari Z, Faivre N, Héripret D, Gayerie A. Réévaluation des critères de diagnostic de la dermatite atopique. Revue Méd Vét. 1998;149:1057–64

    Google Scholar 

  14. Halliwell R. Revised nomenclature for veterinary allergy. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006;114:207–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Po>cta S, Svoboda M. Approach to the diagnostics of atopic dermatitis in dogs in conditions of clinical practice. Acta Vet Brno 2007;76:461–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Olivry T. International Task Force of Canine Atopic Dermatitis. New diagnostic criteria for canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2010;21:123–6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Olivry T, DeBoer DJ, Favrot C, Jackson HJ, Mueller RS, Nuttall T, et al. Treatment of canine atopic dermatitis: 2010 clinical practice guidelines from the International Task Force on Canine Atopic Dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2010;21:233–48

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Marsella R, Samuelson D. Unravelling the skin barrier: a new paradigm for atopic dermatitis and house dust mites. Vet Dermatol 2009;20:533–40

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Hamilton RG, Adkinson NF. In vitro assays for the diagnosis of IgE-mediated disorders. J. Allergy Clin Immunol 2004;114:213–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Stapel S & Kleine-Tebbe J. Allergy testing in the laboratory. In: Kay AB, Kaplan AP, Bousquet J, Holt PG, eds. Allergic Diseases, 2nd ed,. Blackwell Publishing, 2008:p.1346–66.

  21. Liska M, Gutova V, Panzner P, Brodska P. The clinical relevance of various hypersensitivity tests in patients with atopic dermatitis as assessed by their history, SCORAD changes, and number of days with need of anti-Inflammatory treatment. Pediatr Allergy Immunol Pulmunol 2015;28:87–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Mueller RS. Update on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis. North American Veterinary Conference. eds. NAVC (www.tnavc.org). Internet Publisher: International Veterinary Information Service, Ithaca NY (www.ivis.org), Updated: 13-Jan-2007.

  23. Irvine AD, McLean WH, Leung DY. Filaggrin mutations associated with skin and allergic diseases. N Engl J Med 2011;365:1315–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Palmer CN, Irvine AD, Terron-Kwiatkowski A, Zhao Y, Liao H, Lee SP, et al. Common loss-of-function variants of the epidermal barrier protein filaggrin are a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis. Nat Genet 2006;38:441–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Hightower K, Marsella R, Flynn-Lurie A. Effects of age and allergen exposure on transepidermal water loss in a house dust mite-sensitized beagle model of atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2010;21:88–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Shimada K, Yoon JS, Yoshihara T, Iwasaki T, Nishifuji K. Increased transepidermal water loss and decreased ceramide content in lesional and non-lesional skin of dogs with atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2009;20:541–6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Lau-Gillard PJ, Hill PB, Chesney CJ, Budleigh C, Immonen A. Evaluation of a hand-held evaporimeter (VapoMeter) for the measurement of transepidermal water loss in healthy dogs. Vet Dermatol 2010;21:136–45

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Forslind B, Engström S, Engblom J, Norlén L. A novel approach to the understanding of human skin barrier function. J Dermatol Sci 1997;14:115–25

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Reiter LV, Torres SM, Wertz PW. Characterization and quantification of ceramides in the nonlesional skin of canine patients with atopic dermatitis compared with controls. Vet Dermatol 2009;20:260–6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Lee KW, Blankenship KD, McCurry ZM. Performance characteristics of a monoclonal antibody cocktail-based ELISA for detection of allergen-specific IgE in dogs and comparison with a high affinity IgE receptor-based ELISA. Vet Dermatol 2009;20:157–64

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Mueller RS, Bettenay SV, Tideman L. Aero-allergens in canine atopic dermatitis in south-eastern Australia based on 1000 intradermal skin tests. Aust Vet J 2000;78:392–9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Hnilica KA. How to treat allergy in 10 easy steps. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference; Orlando, USA. 2006;20:376–8

    Google Scholar 

  33. Willemse T, Bardagi M, Carlotti DN, Ferrer L, Fondati A, Fontaine J, et al. Dermatophagoides farinae-specific immunotherapy in atopic dogs with hypersensitivity to multiple allergens: A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study. Vet J 2009;180:337–42

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Chardin H, Peltre G. Allergome: the characterization of allergens based on a 2D gel electrophoresis approach. Expert Rev. Proteomics 2005;2:757–65

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Fall BI, Niessner R. Detection of known allergen-specific IgE antibodies by immunological methods. Methods Mol Biol 2009;509:107–22

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Valenta R, Lidholm J, Niederberger V, Hayek B, Kraft D, Grönlund H. The recombinant allergen-based concept of component-resolved diagnostics and immunotherapy (CRD and CRIT). Clin Exp Allergy 1999;29:896–904

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Hill PB. Clinical signs and diagnosis of atopic dermatitis. Proceedings of European Veterinary Conference. Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Dermatology 2009; (2):3–4

    Google Scholar 

  38. Toman M, Faldyna M. I - Clinical Immunology - Update of laboratory diagnostic methods in clinical immunology. 2006 World Congress WSAVA/FECAVA/CSAVA. Prague, Czech Republic

  39. Hanifin JM, Rajka G. Diagnostic features of atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1980;92:44–7

    Google Scholar 

  40. Prélaud P, Guaguère E, Alhaidari Z, Faivre N, Héripret D, Gayerie A. Réévaluation des critères de diagnostic de la dermite atopique. Revue Méd Vét 1998;149:1057–64

    Google Scholar 

  41. Williams HC, Burney PG, Hay RJ, Archer CB, Shipley MJ, Hunter JJ, et al. The U.K. working party’s diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis. I. Derivation of a minimum set of discriminators for atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 1994;131:383–96

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Williams HC, Burney PG, Strachan D, Hay RJ. The U.K. working working party’s diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis. II. Observer variation of clinical diagnosis and signs of atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 1994;131:397–405

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Williams HC, Burney PG, Pembroke AC, Hay RJ. The U.K. working party’s diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis. III. Independent hospital validation. Br J Dermatol 1994;131:406–16

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Williams HC. Diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis. Lancet 1996;348:1391–2

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Olivry T, DeBoer DJ, Griffin CE, Halliwell RE, Hill PB, Hillier A, et al. The ACVD task force on canine atopic dermatitis: forewords and lexicon. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2001;81:143–6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Foster AP, Littlewood JD, Webb P, Wood JLN, Rogers K, Shawa SE. Comparison of intradermal and serum testing for allergen-specific IgE using a FceRIa-based assay in atopic dogs in the UK. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2003;93:51–60

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Favrot C, Steffan J, Seewald W, Picco F. A prospective study on the clinical features of chronic canine atopic dermatitis and its diagnosis. Vet Dermatol 2010;21:23–31

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Favrot C, Steffan J, Seewald W, Hobi S, Linek M, Marignac G et al. Establishment of diagnostic criteria for feline nonflea-induced hypersensitivity dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2012;23:45–50

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Marsella R, Olivry T, Carlotti DN; International Task Force on Canine Atopic Dermatitis. Current evidence of skin barrier dysfunction in human and canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2011;22:239–48

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Stalder JF, Taieb A. Severity scoring of atopic dermatitis: The SCORAD index. Consensus report of the European Task Force on Atopic Dermatitis. Dermatology 1993;186:23–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Akdis CA, Akdis M, Bieber T, Bindslev-Jensen C, Boguniewicz M, Eigenmann P et al. European Academy of Allergology; Clinical Immunology/American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology/PRACTALL Consensus Group. Diagnosis and treatment of atopic dermatitis in children and adults: European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology/American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology/PRACTALL Consensus Report. Allergy 2006;61:969–87

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Olivry T, Guaguère E, Heripret D. Treatment of canine atopic dermatitis with misoprostol, a prostaglandin E1 analogue: an open study. J. Dermatolog. Treat. 1997;8:243–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Olivry, T; Mueller, R; Nuttall, T; Favrot, C; Prélaud, P. Determination of CADESI-03 thresholds for increasing severity levels of canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2008;19:115–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Germain PA, Prèlaud P, Bensignor E. CADESI (Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index) reproducibility. Revue Méd Vét. 2005;156:382–5

    Google Scholar 

  55. Olivry T, Saridomichelakis M, Nuttall T, Bensignor E, Griffin CE, Hill PB, for the International Committee on Allergic Diseases of Animals (ICADA). Validation of the Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index (CADESI)-4, a simplified severity scale for assessing skin lesions of atopic dermatitis in dogs. Vet Dermatol 2014;25:77–85 e25

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Stedman K, Lee K, Hunter S, Rivoire B, McCall C, Wassom D. Measurement of canine IgE using the alpha chain of the human high affinity IgE receptor. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2001;78:349–55

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Diesel A, DeBoer DJ. Serum allergen-specific immunoglobulin E in atopic and healthy cats: comparison of a rapid screening immunoassay and complete-panel analysis. Vet Dermatol 2011;22:39–45

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Thom N, Favrot C, Failing K, Mueller RS, Neiger R, Linek M. Intra- and interlaboratory variability of allergen-specific IgE levels in atopic dogs in three different laboratories using the Fc-e receptor testing. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2010;133:183–9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Lee KW, Blankenship KD, McCurry ZM, McKinney B, Ruffner R, Esch RE et al. Intra and inter-laboratory reproducibility of a monoclonal antibody cocktail based ELISA for detection of allergen specific IgE in dogs: proficiency monitoring of macELISA in six laboratories. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012;148:267–75

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Masuda K, Tsujimoto H, Fujiwara S et al. IgE sensitivity and cross-reactivity to crude and purified mite allergens (Der f 1, Der f 2, Der p 1, Der p 2) in atopic dogs sensitive to Dermatophagoides mite allergens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1999;72:303–13

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Arlian LG. House-dust-mite allergens: a review. Exp Appl Acarol 1991;10:167–86

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Heymann PW, Chapman MD, Platts-Mills TA. Antigen Der f I from the dust mite Dermatophagoides farinae: structural comparison with Der p I from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and epitope specificity of murine IgG and human IgE antibodies. J Immunol 1986;137:2841–7

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Smith AM, Benjamin DC, Hozic N, Derewenda U, Smith WA, Thomas WR et al. The molecular basis of antigenic cross-reactivity between the group 2 mite allergens. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;107:977–84

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Nuttall TJ, Lamb JR, Hill PB. Characterisation of major and minor Dermatophagoides allergens in canine atopic dermatitis. Res Vet Sci 2001;71:51–7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Martins LM, Peltre G, da Costa Faro CJ, Pires EM, da Cruz Inácio FF. The Helix aspersa (Brown Garden Snail) Allergen Repertoire. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2005;136:7–15

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Le Mao J, Mayer CE, Peltre G et al. Mapping of Dermatophagoides farinae mite allergens by two-dimensional immunoblotting. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998;102(4 Pt 1):631–6

    Google Scholar 

  67. Martins L, Marques A, Pereira L, Goicoa A, Semião-Santos S, Bento O. House-dust mite allergy - Mapping of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus allergens for dogs by two-dimensional immunoblotting. Adv Dermatol Allergol 2015;32:73–81

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. McCall C, Hunter S, Stedman K, Weber E, Hillier A, Bozic C et al. Characterization and cloning of a major high molecular weight house dust mite allergen (Der f 15) for dogs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2001;78:231–47

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Nolte M, Barber D, Maloney J, Li Z, Kaur A, Galan A et al. Timothy specific IgE levels are associated with efficacy and safety of timothy grass sublingual immunotherapy tablet. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2015;115:509–15

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Asero R. Detection of risk factors for systemic adverse reactions to SCIT with natural depot allergen extracts: a retrospective study. Eur ann Allergy Clin Immunol 2015;47:211–7

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Duffort O, Palomares O, Lombardero M, Villalba M, Barber D, Rodríguez R, et al. Variability of Ole e 9 allergen in olive pollen extracts: relevance of minor allergens in immunotherapy treatments. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2006;140:131–8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Thomas WR. Hierarchy and molecular properties of house dust mite allergens. Allergol Int 2015;64:304–11

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Kubota S, Miyaji K, Shimo Y, Shimakura H, Takase Y, Okamoto N et al. IgE reactivity to a Cry j 3, an allergen of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) pollen in dogs with canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012 149:132–5

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Ognjenovic J, Milcic-Matic N, Smiljanic K, et al. Immunoproteomic characterization of Ambrosia artemisiifolia pollen allergens in canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013;155:38–47

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Martins L, Marques A, Pereira L, Semião-Santos S, Bento O. Allergy to grass pollen - Mapping of Dactylis glomerata and Phleum pratense allergens for dogs by two-dimensional immunoblotting. Adv Dermatol Allergol 2016 (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  76. Peltre G, Brodard V, David B. The grass pollen allergens repertoire or to how many grass pollen allergens are we sensitive? J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992;4:140–2

    Google Scholar 

  77. Peltre G, Lapeyre J, David B. Heterogeneity of grass pollen allergens (Dactylis glomerata) recognized by IgE antibodies in human patients sera by a new nitrocellulose immunoprint technique. Immunol Lett 1982;5:127–31

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Correia S, Martins L, Peres MJ, Costa H, Meisel ML, Desvaux F, et al. IgE and IgG4 specific antibodies to Dactylis glomerata allergens. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996;97:295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Kang MH, Kim HJ, Jang HJ, Park HM. Sensitization rates of causative allergens for dogs with atopic dermatitis: detection of canine allergen-specific IgE. J Vet Sci 2014;15:545–50

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Sybilski AJ, Zalewska M, Furmańczyk K, Lipiec A, Krzych-Fałta E, Samoliński B. The prevalence of sensitization to inhalant allergens in children with atopic dermatitis. Allergy Asthma Proc 2015;36:e81–5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. >Celakovská J, Ettlerová K, Ettler K, Van>ečková J, Bukač J. Sensitization to aeroallergens in atopic dermatitis patients: association with concomitant allergic diseases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2015;29:1500–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Radauer C, Nandy A, Ferreira F, Goodman RE, Larsen JN, Lidholm J et al. Update of the WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Database based on analysis of allergen sequences. Allergy 2014;69:413–9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Nuttall TJ, Knight PA, McAleese SM, Lamb JR, Hill PB. Expression of Th1, Th2 and immunosuppressive cytokine gene transcripts in canine atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2002;32:789–95

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Kindt TJ, Goldsby RA, Osborne BA. Hypersensitivity reactions. In: Kindt TJ, Goldsby RA, Osborne BA, eds. Kuby - Immunology, 6th ed., New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 2007:p.371–400.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Jutel M, Akdis M, Budak F, Aebischer-Casaulta C, Wrzyszcz M, Blaser K et al. IL-10 and TGF-beta cooperate in the regulatory T cell response to mucosal allergens in normal immunity and specific immunotherapy. Eur J Immunol 2003;33:1205–14

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Creticos PS, Van Metre TE, Mardiney MR, Rosenberg GL, Norman PS, Adkinson NR Jr. Dose response of IgE and IgG antibodies during ragweed immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1984;73:94–104

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Lichtenstein LM, Ishizaka K, Norman PS, Sobotka AK, Hill BM. IgE antibody measurements in ragweed hay fever. Relationship to clinical severity and the results of immunotherapy. J Clin Invest 1973;52:472–82

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  88. Olivry T, DeBoer DJ, Favrot C, Jackson HA, Mueller RS, Nuttall T, et al. Treatment of canine atopic dermatitis: 2015 updated guidelines from the International Committee on Allergic Diseases of Animals (ICADA). BMC Vet Res 2015;11:210

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Loewenstein C, Mueller RS. A review of allergen-specific immunotherapy in human and veterinary medicine. Vet Dermatol 2009;20:84–98

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Passalacqua G, Canonica GW. AIT (allergen immunotherapy): a model for the “precision medicine”. Clin Mol Allergy 2015;13:24

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Canonica GW, Ansotegui IJ, Pawankar R, Schmid-Grendelmeier P, van Hage M, Baena-Cagnani CE et al. WAO-ARIA-GA2LEN Task Force. A WAO - ARIA - GA2LEN consensus document on molecular-based allergy diagnostics. World Allergy Organ J 2013;6:17

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  92. Keppel KE, Campbell KL, Zuckermann FA, Greeley EA, Schaeffer DJ, Husmann RJ. Quantitation of canine regulatory T cell populations, serum interleukin-10 and allergen-specific IgE concentrations in healthy control dogs and canine atopic dermatitis patients receiving allergen-specific immunotherapy. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008;123:337–44

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Hill PB. Pathogenesis of canine atopic dermatitis. Proceedings of European Veterinary Conference. Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Dermatology 2009;2:1–3

    Google Scholar 

  94. Okayama T, Matsuno Y, Yasuda N, Tsukui T, Suzuta Y, Koyanagi M et al. Establishment of a quantitative ELISA for the measurement of allergen-specific IgE in dogs using anti-IgE antibody cross-reactive to mouse and dog IgE. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011;139:99–106

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Tsukui T, Sakaguchi M, Kurata K, Maeda S, Ohmori K, Masuda K et al. Measurement for Canine IgE Using Canine Recombinant High Affinity IgE Receptor α Chain (FcϜRIα). J Vet Med Sci 2012;74:851–6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Hill PB, DeBoer DJ. Quantification of serum total IgE concentration in dogs by use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay containing monoclonal murine anti-canine IgE. Am J Vet Res. 1994;55:944–8

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Ocmant A, Mulier S, Hanssens L, Goldman M, Casimir G, Mascart F et al. Basophil activation tests for the diagnosis of food allergy in children. Clin Exp Allergy 2009;39:1234–45

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Rentzos G, Lundberg V, Lundqvist C, Rodrigues R, van Odijk J, Lundell AC et al. Use of a basophil activation test as a complementary diagnostic tool in the diagnosis of severe peanut allergy in adults. Clinical and Translational Allergy 2015;5:22

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Nopp A, Cardell LO, Johansson SG, Oman H. CD-sens: a biological measure of immunological changes stimulated by ASIT. Allergy. 2009;64:811–14

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Nyfeler B, Pichler WJ. The lymphocyte transformation test for the diagnosis of drug allergy: sensitivity and specificity. Clin Exp Allergy 1997;27:175–81

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Pichler WJ, Tilch J. The lymphocyte transformation test in the diagnosis of drug hypersensitivity. Allergy 2004;59:809–20

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Barta O, Oyekan PP. Lymphocyte transformation test in veterinary clinical immunology. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1981;4:209–21

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Martins L, Pires E, Inácio F. CD4 T-cell cytokine response to mite recombinant tropomyosin in mite, snail and shrimp allergic patients. The Internet Journal of Asthma, Allergy and Immunology. 2008;7:1–10

    Google Scholar 

  104. Fujimura M, Masuda K, Hayashiya M, Okayama T. Flow cytometric analysis of lymphocyte proliferative responses to food allergens in dogs with food allergy. J Vet Med Sci 2011;73:1309–17

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Palomares O. The role of regulatory T cells in IgE-mediated food allergy. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2013;23:371–82

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Rolland JM, Gardner LM; O’Hehir RE. Functional regulatory T cells and allergen immunotherapy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2010;10:559–66

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Pauli, G, Malling, HJ,. The current state of recombinant allergens for immunotherapy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2010;10:575–81

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Lehrer SB, Reish R, Fernandes J, Gaudry P, Dai G, Reese G. Enhancement of murine IgE antibody detection by IgG removal. J Immunol Methods 2004;284:1–6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Orovitg A, Guardia P, Barber D, de la Torre F, Rodríguez R, Villalba M et al. Enhanced Diagnosis of Pollen Allergy Using Specific Immunoglobulin E Determination to Detect Major Allergens and Panallergens. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2011;21:253–9

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Martínez-Cócera C, Sastre J, Cimarra M, Quirce S, Fernández-Rivas M, Enríquez-Matas A et al. Immunotherapy with a Phleum pratense allergen extract induces an immune response to a grass-mix allergen extract. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2010;20:13–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Hejl C, Wurtzen PA, Kleine-Tebbe J, Johansen N, Broge L, Ipsen H. Phleum pratense alone is sufficient for allergen-specific immunotherapy against allergy to Pooideae grass pollens. Clin Exp Allergy 2009;39:752–9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Jensen-Jarolim E, Einhorn L, Herrmann I, Thalhammer JG, Panakova L. Pollen Allergies in Humans and their Dogs, Cats and Horses: Differences and Similarities. Clin Transl Allergy 2015;7:15

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Évora, Núcleo da Mitra, 7000-094, Évora, Portugal

    Luis Lourenço Martins DVM, PhD

  2. Institute of Mediterranean Agricultural and Environmental Science (ICAAM), University of Évora, Évora, Portugal

    Luis Lourenço Martins DVM, PhD & Ofélia Pereira Bento

  3. Department of Animal Science, School of Sciences and Technology, Hospital Center of Setúbal — São Bernardo Hospital, Setúbal, Portugal

    Ofélia Pereira Bento

  4. Immunoallergology Department, Hospital Center of Setúbal — São Bernardo Hospital, Setúbal, Portugal

    Filipe Fernando Inácio

Authors
  1. Luis Lourenço Martins DVM, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ofélia Pereira Bento
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Filipe Fernando Inácio
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Luis Lourenço Martins DVM, PhD.

Additional information

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

Cite this as

Martins LL, Bento OP, Inácio FF. Veterinary allergy diagnosis: Past, present and future perspectives. Allergo J Int 2016;25:238–50

DOI: 10.1007/s40629-016-0135-z

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Martins, L.L., Bento, O.P. & Inácio, F.F. Veterinary allergy diagnosis: past, present and future perspectives. Allergo J Int 25, 238–250 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40629-016-0135-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40629-016-0135-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation