Abstract
Rising salinity in agricultural land is a major barrier limiting yields of crops like rice, which has been reported as a salt-sensitive plant. An improvement in salt tolerant ability of rice has been achieved by obstructing the sodium (Na) transpiration flow via apoplastic route. Here we assess the potential of an antitranspirant (AT) in modulating Na enrichment and yield in rice under salt stress. Sodium concentration in flag leaf was enriched in relation to the salt exposure time and significantly decreased in plants grown under 0.2% AT foliar application. Free proline accumulation in salt-stressed plants was increased by 15.3 folds over the control, whereas it was stable in plants grown under 0.2% AT foliar application. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, total carotenoids, photon yield of photosystem II (PSII), net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance in salt-stressed plants were lower than the control with the exogenous foliar spray of 0.2% AT. Positive relationships between total chlorophyll and photon yield of PSII, photon yield of PSII and net photosynthetic rate, and net photosynthetic rate and fertile seed were also evident. Number of seeds per panicle in salt-stressed plants was significantly enhanced by 0.2% AT foliar application, whereas other yield attributes declined. Antitranspirants could be a promising option to improve the growth and yield of rice cultivated on salt-affected soils.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All data are available under request.
References
AbdAllah AM, Mashaheet AM, Zobel R, Burkey KO (2019) Physiological basis for controlling water consumption by two snap beans genotypes using different anti-transpirants. Agric Water Manage 214:17–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.12.029
Attia MS, Osman MS, Mohamed AS, Mahgoub HA, Garada MO, Abdelmouty ES, Abdel Latef AAH (2021) Impact of foliar application of chitosan dissolved in different organic acids on isozymes, protein patterns and physio-biochemical characteristics of tomato grown under salinity stress. Plants 10:388. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020388
Bakhoum GS, Sadak MS, Badr EAEM (2020) Mitigation of adverse effects of salinity stress on sunflower plant (Helianthus annuus L.) by exogenous application of chitosan. Bull Nat Res Centre 44:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-020-00343-7
Bates LS, Waldren RP, Teare ID (1973) Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant Soil 39:205–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00018060
Behl T, Kumar S, Sehgal A, Singh S, Kumari S, Brisc MC, Munteanu MA, Brisc C, Buhas CL, Judea-Pusta C, Nistor-Cseppento C, Bungau S (2021) Rice bran, an off-shoot to newer therapeutics in neurological disorders. Biomed Pharmacother 140:111796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111796
Boari F, Donadio A, Pace B, Schiattone MI, Cantore V (2016) Kaolin improves salinity tolerance, water use efficiency and quality of tomato. Agric Water Manage 167:29–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2015.12.021
Chakraborty K, Chattaopadhyay K, Nayak L, Ray S, Yeasmin L, Jena P, Gupta S, Mohanty SK, Swain P, Sarkar RK (2019) Ionic selectivity and coordinated transport of Na+ and K+ in flag leaves render differential salt tolerance in rice at the reproductive stage. Planta 250:1637–1653. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-019-03253-9
Chakraborty K, Mondal S, Ray S, Samal P, Pradhan B, Chattopadhyay K, Kar MK, Swain P, Sarkar RK (2020) Tissue tolerance coupled with ionic discrimination can potentially minimize the energy cost of salinity tolerance in rice. Front Plant Sci 11:265. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00265
Cha-um S, Supaibulwatana K, Kirdmanee C (2007) Glycinebetaine accumulation, physiological characterizations and growth efficiency in salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive lines of indica rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica) in response to salt stress. J Agron Crop Sci 193:157–166. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037X.2007.00251.x
Cha-um S, Charoenpanich A, Roytrakul S, Kirdmanee C (2009) Sugar accumulation, photosynthesis and growth of two indica rice varieties in response to salt stress. Acta Physiol Plant 31:477–486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-008-0256-1
Cirillo A, Conti S, Graziani G, El-Nakhel C, Rouphael Y, Ritieni A, di Vaio C (2021) Mitigation of high-temperature damage by application of kaolin and pinolene on young olive trees (Olea europaea L.): a preliminary experiment to assess biometric, eco-physiological and nutraceutical parameters. Agronomy 11:1884. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11091884
Corwin DL (2021) Climate change impacts on soil salinity in agricultural areas. Eur J Soil Sci 72:842–862. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.13010
Devkota KP, Pasuquin E, Elmido-Mabilangan A, Dikitanan R, Singleton GR, Stuart AM, Vithoonjit D, Vidiyangkura L, Pustika AB, Afriani R, Listyowati CL, Keerthisena RSK, Kieu NT, Malabayabas AJ, Hu R, Pan J, Beebout SE (2019) Economic and environmental indicators of sustainable rice cultivation: a comparison across intensive irrigated rice cropping systems in six Asian countries. Ecol Indic 105:199–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.05.029
Fahad S, Adnan M, Noor M, Arif M, Alam M, Khan IA, Ullah H, Wahid F, Mian IA, Jamal Y, Basir A, Hassan S, Saud S, Amanullah RM, Wu C, Khan MA, Wang D (2019) Major constraints for global rice production. In: Hasanuzzaman M, Fujita M, Nahar K, Biswas JK (eds) Advances in rice research for abiotic stress tolerance. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, pp 1–22
Faiyue B, Al-Azzawi MJ, Flowers TJ (2010) The role of lateral roots in bypass flow in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Cell Environ 33:702–716. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.02078.x
Faiyue B, Al-Azzawi MJ, Flowers TJ (2012) A new screening technique for salinity resistance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings using bypass flow. Plant Cell Environ 35:1099–1108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02475.x
Foster KJ, Miklavcic SJ (2017) A comprehensive biophysical model of ion and water transport in plant roots. I. Clarifying the roles of endodermal barriers in the salt stress response. Front Plant Sci 8:1326. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01326
Francini A, Lorenzini G, Nali C (2011) The antitranspirant di-1-p-menthene, a potential chemical protectant of ozone damage to plants. Water Air Soil Pollut 219:459–472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-010-0720-6
Fricke W (2004) Solute sorting in grass leaves: the transpiration stream. Planta 219:507–514. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-004-1262-1
Fu L, Shen Q, Kuang L, Yu J, Wu D, Zhang G (2018) Metabolite profiling and gene expression of Na/K transporter analyses reveal mechanisms of the difference in salt tolerance between barley and rice. Plant Physiol Biochem 130:248–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.07.013
Gaballah MS, Moursy M (2004) Reflectants application for increasing wheat plant tolerance against salt stress. Pak J Biol Sci 7:956–962
Gaballah MS, Abou B, Leila H, El-Zeiny A, Khalil S (2007) Estimating the performance of salt-stressed sesame plant treated with antitranspirants. J Appl Sci Res 3:811–817
Gadelha CG, Coutinho ÍAC, de Paiva Pinheiro SK, de Castro ME, de Carvalho HH, de Sousa LL, Gomes-Filho E (2021) Sodium uptake and transport regulation, and photosynthetic efficiency maintenance as the basis of differential salt tolerance in rice cultivars. Environ Exp Bot 192:104654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2021.104654
Hasanuzzaman MD, Shabala L, Zhou M, Brodribb TJ, Corkrey R, Shabala S (2018) Factors determining stomatal and non-stomatal (residual) transpiration and their contribution towards salinity tolerance in contrasting barley genotypes. Environ Exp Bot 153:10–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2018.05.002
Hasegawa PM (2013) Sodium (Na+) homeostasis and salt tolerance of plants. Environ Exp Bot 92:19–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2013.03.001
Hasegawa PM, Bressan RA, Zhu JK, Bohnert HJ (2000) Plant cellular and molecular responses to high salinity. Ann Rev Plant Biol 51:463–499. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.51.1.463
Hopmans JW, Qureshi AS, Kisekka I, Munns R, Grattan SR, Rengasamy P, Ben-Gal A, Assuline S, Javaux M, Minhas PS, Raats PAC, Skaggs TH, Wang G, van Lier QDJ, Jiao H, Lavado RS, Lazarovitch N, Li B, Taleisnik E (2021) Critical knowledge gaps and research priorities in global soil salinity. Adv Agron 169:1–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2021.03.001
Hossain GS, Waditee R, Hibino T, Tanaka Y, Takabe T (2006) Root specific expression of Na+/H+ antiporter gene from Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 confers salt tolerance of tobacco plant. Plant Biotechnol 23:275–281. https://doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology.23.275
Irakoze W, Quinet M, Prodjinoto H, Rufyikiri G, Nijimbere S, Lutts S (2022) Differential effects of sulfate and chloride salinities on rice (Oryza sativa L.) gene expression patterns: a comparative transcriptomic and physiological approach. Curr Plant Biol 29:100237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpb.2022.100237
IRRI (2002) Standard evaluation system for rice. International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
Islam MS, Haque KA, Jahan N, Atikullah M, Uddin MN, Naser AM, Faruk-E-Azam AKM, Islam MS (2022) Soil salinity mitigation by naturally grown halophytes in seawater affected coastal Bangladesh. Int J Environ Sci Technol 19:11013–11022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-03912-7
Khush GS (2005) What it will take to feed 5.0 billion rice consumers in 2030. Plant Mol Biol 59:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-005-2159-5
Kılıc OM, Budak M, Gunal E, Acır N, Halbac-Cotoara-Zamfir R, Alfarraj S, Ansari MJ (2022) Soil salinity assessment of a natural pasture using remote sensing techniques in central Anatolia Turkey. PLoS ONE 17:e0266915. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266915
Kumar P, Sharma PK (2020) Soil salinity and food security in India. Front Sust Food Syst 4:533781. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.533781
Loconsole D, Murillo-Amador B, Cristiano G, de Lucia B (2019) Halophyte common ice plants: a future solution to arable land salinization. Sustainability 11:6076. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11216076
Loggini B, Scartazza A, Brugnoli E, Navari-Izzo F (1999) Antioxidant defense system, pigment composition, and photosynthetic efficiency in two wheat cultivars subjected to drought. Plant Physiol 119:1091–1100. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.119.3.1091
Malash NMAR, Flowers TJ (1984) The effect of phenylmercuric acetate on salt tolerance in wheat. Plant Soil 81:269–279. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02197160
Maxwell K, Johnson GN (2000) Chlorophyll fluorescence-a practical guide. J Exp Bot 51:659–668. https://doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/51.345.659
Morsy ASM, Mehanna HM (2022) Beneficial effects of antitranspirants on water stress tolerance in maize under different plant densities in newly reclaimed land. Bull Nat Res Centre 46:248. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-022-00934-6
Mphande W, Kettlewell PS, Grove IG, Farrell AD (2020) The potential of antitranspirants in drought management of arable crops: a review. Agric Water Manag 236:106143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106143
Mphande W, Farrell AD, Grove IG, Vickers LH, Kettlewell PS (2022) Metabolic and film antitranspirants both reduce drought damage to wheat yield despite having contrasting effects on leaf ABA. J Agron Crop Sci 208:143–157. https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.12567
Naito H, Tsuchiya M, Kumano S (1994) Physiological response to salinity in rice plant: II. Relationship of sodium exclusion to transpiration and root-respiration rates in NaCl-treated rice plant. Jpn J Crop Sci 63:320–325. https://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.63.320
Nomiyama R, Yasutake D, Sago Y, Kitano M (2013) Transpiration integrated model for root ion absorption under salinized condition. Biologia 68:1113–1117. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11756-013-0255-6
Ochiai K, Matoh T (2002) Characterization of the Na+ delivery from roots to shoots in rice under saline stress: excessive salt enhances apoplastic transport in rice plants. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 48:371–378. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2002.10409214
Ochiai K, Matoh T (2004) Alleviation of salinity damage to rice plants by the use of polyethylene glycols (PEGs) through reduction of Na+ transport to shoots. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 50:129–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2004.10408460
Oddo E, Russo G, Grisafi F (2019) Effects of foliar application of glycine betaine and chitosan on Puccinellia distans (Jacq.) Parl. subjected to salt stress. Biol Futura 70:47–55. https://doi.org/10.1556/019.70.2019.06
Park SI, Kim JJ, Shin SY, Kim YS, Yoon HS (2020) ASR enhances environmental stress tolerance and improves grain yield by modulating stomatal closure in rice. Front Plant Sci 10:1752. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01752
Parveen A, Ahmar S, Kamran M, Malik Z, Ali A, Riaz M, Abbasi GH, Khan M, Sohail AB, Rizwan M, Afzal S, Ali S (2021) Abscisic acid signaling reduced transpiration flow, regulated Na+ ion homeostasis and antioxidant enzyme activities to induce salinity tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings. Environ Technol Innov 24:101808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2021.101808
Plett DC, Møller IS (2010) Na+ transport in glycophytic plants: what we know and would like to know. Plant Cell Environ 33:612–626. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.02086.x
Pongprayoon W, Tisarum R, Theerawitaya C, Cha-um S (2019) Evaluation and clustering on salt-tolerant ability in rice genotypes (Oryza sativa L. subsp. indica) using multivariate physiological indices. Physiol Mol Biol Plant 25:473–483. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-018-00636-2
Prodjinoto H, Irakoze W, Gandonou C, Lepoint G, Lutts S (2021) Discriminating the impact of Na+ and Cl− in the deleterious effects of salt stress on the African rice species (Oryza glaberrima Steud.). Plant Growth Regul 94:201–219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-021-00709-5
Quintero JM, Fournier JM, Benlloch M (2007) Na+ accumulation in shoot is related to water transport in K+-starved sunflower plants but not in plants with a normal K+ status. J Plant Physiol 164:60–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2005.10.010
Quintero JM, Fournier JM, Benlloch M, Rodríguez-Navarro A (2008) Na+ accumulation in root symplast of sunflower plants exposed to moderate salinity is transpiration-dependent. J Plant Physiol 165:1248–1254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2007.08.011
Rahman MM, Mostofa MG, Keya SS, Siddiqui MN, Ansary MMU, Das AK, Rahman MA, Tran LSP (2021) Adaptive mechanisms of halophytes and their potential in improving salinity tolerance in plants. Int J Mol Sci 22:10733. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910733
Rodriguez J, Anoruo A, Jifon J, Simpson C (2019) Physiological effects of exogenously applied reflectants and anti-transpirants on leaf temperature and fruit sunburn in citrus. Plants 8:549. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8120549
Sahab S, Suhani I, Srivastava V, Chauhan PS, Singh RP, Prasad V (2021) Potential risk assessment of soil salinity to agroecosystem sustainability: current status and management strategies. Sci Total Environ 764:144164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144164
Schneider P, Asch F (2020) Rice production and food security in Asian Mega deltas—A review on characteristics, vulnerabilities and agricultural adaptation options to cope with climate change. J Agron Crop Sci 206:491–503. https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.12415
Sen S, Chakraborty R, Kalita P (2020) Rice-not just a staple food: a comprehensive review on its phytochemicals and therapeutic potential. Trend Food Sci Technol 97:265–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.01.022
Shabala SN, Shabala SI, Martynenko AI, Babourina O, Newman IA (1998) Salinity effect on bioelectric activity growth, Na+ accumulation and chlorophyll fluorescence of maize leaves: a comparative survey and prospects for screening. Aust J Plant Physiol 25:609–616. https://doi.org/10.1071/PP97146
Shahid SA, Zaman M, Heng L (2018) Soil salinity: historical perspectives and a world overview of the problem. In: Zaman M, Shahid SA, Heng L (eds) Guideline for salinity assessment mitigation and adaptation using nuclear and related techniques. Springer, Cham, pp 43–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96190-3_2
Sharmin S, Lipka U, Polle A, Eckert C (2021) The influence of transpiration on foliar accumulation of salt and nutrients under salinity in poplar (Populus x canescens). PLoS ONE 16:e0253228. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253228
Singh A (2022) Soil salinity: a global threat to sustainable development. Soil Use Manage 38:39–67. https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12772
Sobahan MA, Arias CR, Okuma E, Shimoishi Y, Nakamura Y, Hirai Y, Mori IC, Murata Y (2009) Exogenous proline and glycinebetaine suppress apoplastic flow to reduce Na+ uptake in rice seedlings. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 73:2037–2042. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.90244
Sriskantharajah K, Osumi S, Chuamnakthong S, Nampei M, Amas JC, Gregorio GB, Ueda A (2020) Contribution of two different Na+ transport systems to acquired salinity tolerance in rice. Plant Sci 297:110517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110517
Sriskantharajah K, Chuamnakthong S, Osumi S, Nampei M, Ueda A (2022) Varietal differences in salt acclimation ability of rice. Cereal Res Comm 50:419–427. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42976-021-00205-6
Tanaka K, Ohta K, Haddad PR, Fritz JS, Lee KP, Hasebe K, Ieuji A, Miyanaga A (1999) Acid-rain monitoring in East Asia with a portable-type ion-exclusion-cation-exchange chromatographic analyzer. J Chromatog 850:311–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00286-1
Tsai YC, Chen KC, Cheng TS, Lee C, Lin SH, Tung CW (2019) Chlorophyll fluorescence analysis in diverse rice varieties reveals the positive correlation between the seedlings salt tolerance and photosynthetic efficiency. BMC Plant Biol 19:403. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-019-1983-8
Ullah N, Basit A, Ahmad I, Ullah I, Shah ST, Mohamed HI, Javed S (2020) Mitigation the adverse effect of salinity stress on the performance of the tomato crop by exogenous application of chitosan. Bull Nat Res Centre 44:181. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-020-00435-4
Xue F, Liu W, Cao H, Song L, Ji S, Tong L, Ding R (2021) Stomatal conductance of tomato leaves is regulated by both abscisic acid and leaf water potential under combined water and salt stress. Physiol Plant 172:2070–2078. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.13441
Yeo AR, Caporn SJM, Flowers TJ (1985) The effect of salinity upon photosynthesis in rice (Oryza sativa L.): gas exchange by individual leaves in relation to their salt content. J Exp Bot 36:1240–1248. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/36.8.1240
Yeo AR, Yeo ME, Flowers TJ (1987) The contribution of an apoplastic pathway to sodium uptake by rice roots in saline conditions. J Exp Bot 38:1141–1153. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/38.7.1141
Yong MT, Solis CA, Rabbi B, Huda S, Liu R, Zhou M, Zhou M, Shabala L, Venkataraman G, Shabala S, Chen ZH (2020) Leaf mesophyll K+ and Cl− fluxes and reactive oxygen species production predict rice salt tolerance at reproductive stage in greenhouse and field conditions. Plant Growth Regul 92:53–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-020-00619-y
Zhang G, Wang Y, Wu K, Zhang Q, Feng Y, Miao Y, Yan Z (2021) Exogenous application of chitosan alleviate salinity stress in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Horticulturae 7:342. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7100342
Acknowledgements
We thank the National Science and Technology Development Agency (Grant Number P-18-51456) for granting support and Professor Dr. Avishek Datta for grammatical proof reading.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Conceptualization, SC. and CT.; methodology, RT. and TS.; formal analysis, RT. and CT.; data curation, DC.; writing—original draft preparation, CT. and SC.; and writing—review and editing, HPS. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interests
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Theerawitaya, C., Tisarum, R., Samphumphuang, T. et al. Antitranspirant modulates Na+ enrichment and yield in indica rice under salt stress. Theor. Exp. Plant Physiol. 35, 99–110 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40626-023-00272-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40626-023-00272-6