Abstract
Geographic distribution patterns of board certified behavior analysts may be useful in analyzing the growth of the field. First, we present an international snapshot of Behavior Analyst Certification Board (BACB) certificants, then analyze relative growth rates between countries from 1999 to 2019. This is followed by an in depth review of certificant distribution patterns in the United States and Canada, as well as the ratios of experienced behavior analysts to new certificants. These data highlight regions with a potential deficit of qualified supervisors. There are factors that influence different dispersal patterns, and without drilling deeper into the data we may be unable to effectively identify or influence them in order meet the specific needs of a geographic region.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Our data and code can be accessed at our online repository: https://osf.io/hmgjt/. Additional information is available from the first author upon request.
Notes
The Behavior Analysis Certification Board (BACB) is the governing body regulating certification requirements, continuing education, and disciplinary guidelines for its constituents, comprising of registered behavioral technicians (RBTs), board certified assistant behavior analysts (BCaBAs), board certified behavior analysts (BCBA), and doctoral-level board certified behavior analysts (BCBA-D). BACB certificants refers to all in this group except RBTs.
References
American Academy of Pediatrics. (2021). Financial Assistance—Autism Toolkit. Pediatric Patient Education. https://doi.org/10.1542/peo_document580
Anscombe, F. J. (1973). Graphs in statistical analysis. The American Statistician, 27, 17–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.1973.10478966
Applied Behavior Analysis International. (n.d.). Verified course sequence dictionary [Database]. https://www.abainternational.org/vcs/directory.aspx
Behavior Analyst Certificant Board. (n.d.). BACB certificant data. https://www.bacb.com/BACB-certificant-data
Behavior Analyst Certificant Board. (2018a). US employment demand for behavior analysts: 2010–2017. https://www.bacb.com/team-view/us-employment-demand-for-behavior-analysts-2010-2017/
Behavior Analyst Certificant Board. (2018b). A summary of ethics violations and code-enforcement activities: 2016–2017. https://www.bacb.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/180606_Ethics_Violations_and_Code-Enforcement-Whitepaper.pdf
Behavior Analyst Certificant Board. (2019a). BACB certificant data. https://www.bacb.com/bacb-certificant-data/
Behavior Analyst Certificant Board. (2019b). US employment demand for behavior analysts: 2010–2018.
Behavior Analyst Certificant Board. (2020a). Global Certification. https://www.bacb.com/global-certification/
Behavior Analyst Certificant Board. (2020b). US employment demand for behavior analysts: 2010–2019.
Behavior Analyst Certificant Board. (2021). US employment demand for behavior analysts: 2010–2020.
Behavior Analyst Certificant Board. (2022). US employment demand for behavior analysts: 2010–2021.
Bellando, J., Fussell, J. J., & Lopez, M. (2016). Autism speaks toolkits: resources for busy physicians. Clinical Pediatrics, 55, 171–175. https://doi.org/10.1177/00099228155945
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2020). U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2020–30 Eds., Speech-Language Pathologists, https://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/speech-language-pathologists.htm.
Burning Glass Technologies. (2015). US behavior analyst workforce: Understanding the national demand for behavior analysts. https://www.bacb.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/151009-burning-glass-report.pdf
Cameron, D., & Jones, I. G. (1983). John Snow, the Broad Street pump and modern epidemiology. International Journal of Epidemiology, 12, 393–396. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/12.4.393
Carr, J. E., & Nosik, M. R. (2017). Professional credentialing of practicing behavior analysts. Policy Insights from the Behavioral & Brain Sciences, 4(1), 3–8.
Deochand, N., & Costello, S. M. (2022). Building a social justice framework for cultural and linguistic diversity in ABA. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 15, 893–908. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-021-00659-4
Deochand, N., & Fuqua, R. W. (2016). BACB certification trends: State of the states (1999 to 2014). Behavior Analysis. Practice, 9, 243–252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-016-0118-z
Deochand, N., Eldridge, R. R., & Peterson, S. M. (2020). Toward the development of a functional analysis risk assessment decision tool. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 13, 978–990. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-020-00433-y
Fraidlin, A., McElroy, A., Moses, K. A., Jenssen, K., & Van Stratton, J. E. (2022). Designing a successful supervision journey: Recommendations and resources for new BCBA supervisors. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-022-00728-2
Garza, K. L., McGee, H. M., Schenk, Y. A., & Wiskirchen, R. R. (2018). Some tools for carrying out a proposed process for supervising experience hours for aspiring Board Certified Behavior Analysts. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 11, 62–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-017-0186-8
Gatzunis, K. S., Edwards, K. Y., Rodriguez Diaz, A., Conners, B. M., & Weiss, M. J. (2022). Cultural responsiveness framework in BCBA supervision. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 15, 1373–1382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-022-00688-7
Hacker, K., Penfold, R., Arsenault, L. N., Zhang, F., Soumerai, S. B., & Wissow, L. S. (2017). The impact of the Massachusetts behavioral health child screening policy on service utilization. Psychiatric Services, 68, 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201500543
Johnston, J. M., Carr, J. E., & Mellichamp, F. H. (2017). A history of the professional credentialing of applied behavior analysts. The Behavior Analyst, 40, 523–538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-017-0106-9
Kalkbrenner, A. E., Daniels, J. L., Emch, M., Morrissey, J., Poole, C., & Chen, J.-C. (2011). Geographic access to health services and diagnosis with an autism spectrum disorder. Annals of Epidemiology, 21, 304–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2010.11.010
Kangas, B. D., & Vaidya, M. (2007). Trends in presentations at the annual conference of the Association for Behavior Analysis. The Behavior Analyst, 30, 117–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03392150
Kauffman, J. M., Conroy, M., Gardner, R., III, & Oswald, D. (2008). Cultural sensitivity in the application of behavioral principles to education. Education & Treatment of Children, 31(2), 239–262.
Martin, N. T., & Carr, J. E. (2019). Training and certification of behaviour analysts in Europe. European Journal of Behavior Analysis, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/15021149.2019.1596653¶
McBain, R. K., Cantor, J. H., Kofner, A., Stein, B. D., & Yu, H. (2020). State insurance mandates and the workforce for children with autism. Pediatrics, 146, e20200836. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-0836
McDonough, J. E., Rosman, B., Phelps, F., & Shannon, M. (2006). The third wave of Massachusetts health care access reform: A unique “political blueprint” that merges individual and employer responsibility for obtaining health insurance. Health Affairs, 25, W420–W431. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.25.w420
Murray, L. L., & Wilson, J. G. (2021). Generating data sets for teaching the importance of regression analysis. Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education, 19, 157–166. https://doi.org/10.1111/dsji.12233
National Autism Center. (2015). National Standards Project. Phase, 2.
National Autism Center. (2009). National Standards Project. Phase, 2.
National Conference of State Legislatures. (2018). Autism and insurance coverage: State laws. https://www.ncsl.org/research/health/autism-and-insurance-coverage-state-laws.aspx
Newschaffer, C. J. (2017). Trends in autism spectrum disorders: the interaction of time, group-level socioeconomic status, and individual-level race/ethnicity. American Journal of Public Health, 107, 1698. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.304085
Python Core Team. (2019). Python (Version 2.27.10) [Programming Language]. Python Software Foundation.
R Core Team. (2019). R: A language and environment for statistical computing (Version 3.6.0) [Programming Language]. R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
Shook, G. L. (2005). An examination of the integrity and future of the Behavior Analyst Certification Board credentials. Behavior Modification, 29, 562–574. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445504274203¶
Shook, G. L., & Neisworth, J. T. (2005). Ensuring appropriate qualifications for applied behavior analyst professionals: The behavior analyst certification board. Exceptionality, 13, 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327035ex1301_2
Shook, G. L., & Favell, J. E. (2008). The Behavior Analyst Certification Board and the profession of behavior analysis. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 1, 44–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03391720
Smith, K. A., Gehricke, J. G., Iadarola, S., Wolfe, A., & Kuhlthau, K. A. (2020). Disparities in service use among children with autism: a systematic review. Pediatrics, 145(Suppl. 1), S35–S46.
Statistics Canada. (2019). Census subdivisions (CSD). In Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016 https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/ref/dict/geo012-eng.cfm
Steinbrenner, J. R., Hume, K., Odom, S. L., Morin, K. L., Nowell, S. W., Tomaszewski, B., Szendrey, S., McIntyre, N. S., Yücesot-Özkan, S., & Savage, M. N. (2020). Evidence-based practices for children, youth, and young adults with autism. FPG Child Development Institute, 51(11), 4013–4032.
Tincani, M., & Travers, J. (2019). Replication research, publication bias, and applied behavior analysis. Perspectives on Behavior Science, 42, 59–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-019-00191-5
U.S. Census Bureau. (2019). Census API: Datasets in /data/2019/pep/population and its descendants [Application programming interface]. https://www.census.gov/data/developers/data-sets/popest-popproj/popest.Vintage_2019.html
Wallace, S., Fein, D., Rosanoff, M., Dawson, G., Hossain, S., Brennan, L., Como, A., & Shih, A. (2012). A global public health strategy for autism spectrum disorders. Autism Research, 5, 211–217. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1236
Wickham, H. (2016). ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24277-4
Yingling, M. E., Ruther, M. H., & Dubuque, E. M. (2022). Trends in geographic access to board certified behavior analysts among children with autism spectrum disorder, 2018–2021. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-05402-0
Yingling, M. E., Ruther, M. H., Dubuque, E. M., & Bell, B. A. (2021a). Impact of county sociodemographic factors and state policy on geographic access to behavior analysts among children with autism spectrum disorder. Administration & Policy in Mental Health & Mental Health Services Research, 48, 1105–1114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-021-01120-y
Yingling, M. E., Ruther, M. H., Dubuque, E. M., & Mandell, D. S. (2021b). County-level variation in geographic access to board certified behavior analysts among children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in the United States. Autism, 25, 1734–1745. https://doi.org/10.1177/136236132110020
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of Interest
The authors have no conflict of interest that would present any financial or nonfinancial gain as a result of potentially publication of this manuscript.
Ethical Approval
Human subjects were not utilized in this article.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
The authors acknowledge Harley Lang’s help on a previous version.
Supplementary Information
ESM 1
(DOCX 6746 kb)
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Deochand, N., Lanovaz, M.J. & Costello, M.S. Assessing Growth of BACB Certificants (1999–2019). Perspect Behav Sci 47, 251–282 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-023-00370-5
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-023-00370-5