Abstract
Objective
The gender and racial underrepresentation persist in academic psychiatry faculty appointments. Our study investigated the gender and racial distribution and its temporal trends in academic psychiatry faculty positions across the USA over a 12-year period.
Methods
Using the annual reports of the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC), a retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted. Simple descriptive statistics analyzed the time trends and the distribution of gender and race across academic ranks, tenure, and degree types.
Results
Over the 12-year study period, the White race was the most represented at each rank. In the lower academic ranks, there was an increased representation of Asians, while the minority race/ethnicities experienced minimal increment. Similarly, males were overrepresented at higher academic ranks, with females increasing in proportion at lower academic ranks.
Conclusions
Females and minorities remain underrepresented in academic psychiatry faculty positions, especially among senior academic and leadership positions. Differences in tenure tracks and degree types may contribute to the overrepresentation of White and male academic physicians.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Association for American Medical Colleges. Underrepresented in medicine definition. 2004. Available at https://www.aamc.org/what-we-do/mission-areas/diversity-inclusion/underrepresented-in-medicine. Accessed 18 Feb 2020.
Lett LA, Murdock HM, Orji WU, Aysola J, Sebro R. Trends in racial/ethnic representation among US medical students. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(9):e1910490.
Guevara JP, Adanga E, Avakame E, Carthon MB. Minority faculty development programs and underrepresented minority faculty representation at US medical Schools Minority faculty development Programs Minority faculty development programs. JAMA. 2013;310(21):2297–304.
Silver JK, Bean AC, Slocum C, Poorman JA, Tenforde A, Blauwet CA, et al. Physician workforce disparities and patient care: a narrative review. Health Equity. 2019;3(1):360–77.
Nonnemaker L. Women physicians in academic medicine — new insights from cohort studies. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(6):399–405.
Jena AB, Khullar D, Ho O, Olenski AR, Blumenthal DM. Sex differences in academic rank in US medical schools in 2014. Jama. 2015;314(11):1149–58.
Surawicz CM. Women in leadership: why so few and what to do about it. J Am Coll Radiol. 2016;13(12, Part A):1433–7.
Chauvin S, Mulsant BH, Sockalingam S, Stergiopoulos V, Taylor VH, Vigod SN. Gender differences in research productivity among academic psychiatrists in Canada. Can J Psychiatr. 2019;64(6):415–22.
Sheikh MH, Chaudhary AMD, Khan AS, Tahir MA, Yahya HA, Naveed S, et al. Influences for gender disparity in academic psychiatry in the United States. Cureus. 2018;10(4):e2514.
Komaromy M, Grumbach K, Drake M, Vranizan K, Lurie N, Keane D, et al. The role of black and Hispanic physicians in providing health care for underserved populations. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(20):1305–10.
Osseo-Asare A, Balasuriya L, Huot SJ, Keene D, Berg D, Nunez-Smith M, et al. Minority resident physicians’ views on the role of race/ethnicity in their training experiences in the Workplace Minority residents’ views on the role of race/ethnicity in their Training Minority residents’ views on the role of race/ethnicity in their training. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(5):e182723.
Ginther DK, Schaffer WT, Schnell J, Masimore B, Liu F, Haak LL, et al. Race, ethnicity, and NIH research awards. Science. 2011;333(6045):1015–9.
Rodriguez JE, Campbell KM, Pololi LH. Addressing disparities in academic medicine: what of the minority tax? BMC Med Educ. 2015;15:6.
Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. Common Program Requirements (Residency) Sections I-V. 2019. Available at https://www.acgme.org/What-We-Do/Accreditation/Common-Program-Requirements. Accessed 18 Feb 2020.
Counter WB, et al. Gender differences among academic pediatric radiology faculty in the United States and Canada. Acad Radiol. 2019.
Abdellatif W, Shao M, Jalal S, et al. Novel geographic thematic study of the largest radiology societies globally: how is gender structure biased within editorial boards? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2019;213:2–7.
Waseem Y, Mahmood S, Siddiqi R, Usman MS, Fatima K, Acob C, et al. Gender differences amongst board members of endocrinology and diabetes societies. Endocrine. 2019;64(3):496–9.
Merchant JL, Omary MB. Underrepresentation of underrepresented minorities in academic medicine: the need to enhance the pipeline and the pipe. Gastroenterology. 2010;138(1):19–26.e3.
Fang D, Moy E, Colburn L, Hurley J. Racial and ethnic disparities in faculty promotion in academic medicine. JAMA. 2000;284(9):1085–92.
Lett LA, Orji WU, Sebro R. Declining racial and ethnic representation in clinical academic medicine: a longitudinal study of 16 US medical specialties. PLoS One. 2018;13(11):e0207274.
Yu PT, Parsa PV, Hassanein O, Rogers SO, Chang DC. Minorities struggle to advance in academic medicine: a 12-y review of diversity at the highest levels of America's teaching institutions. J Surg Res. 2013;182(2):212–8.
Palepu A, Carr PL, Friedman RH, Amos H, Ash AS, Moskowitz MA. Minority faculty and academic rank in medicine. JAMA. 1998;280(9):767–71.
Price EG, Gozu A, Kern DE, Powe NR, Wand GS, Golden S, et al. The role of cultural diversity climate in recruitment, promotion, and retention of faculty in academic medicine. J Gen Intern Med. 2005;20(7):565–71.
Hart KL, Frangou S, Perlis RH. Gender trends in authorship in psychiatry journals from 2008 to 2018. Biol Psychiatry. 2019;86(8):639–46.
Doyle M, Pederson A, Meltzer-Brody S. Demographic and personal characteristics of male and female chairs in academic psychiatry. Acad Psychiatry. 2016;40(3):402–9.
Abdellatif W, Ding J, Jalal S, Chopra S, Butler J, Ali IT, et al. Leadership gender disparity within research-intensive medical schools: a transcontinental thematic analysis. J Contin Educ Heal Prof. 2019;39(4):243–50.
Saha S, Beach MC, Cooper LA. Patient centeredness, cultural competence and healthcare quality. J Natl Med Assoc. 2008;100(11):1275–85.
Madsen TE, Linden JA, Rounds K, Hsieh YH, Lopez BL, Boatright D, et al. Current status of gender and racial/ethnic disparities among academic emergency medicine physicians. Acad Emerg Med. 2017;24(10):1182–92.
Pololi LH, Civian JT, Brennan RT, Dottolo AL, Krupat E. Experiencing the culture of academic medicine: gender matters, a national study. J Gen Intern Med. 2013;28(2):201–7.
Funding
This study was partially supported by a grant from the Arrowhead Neuroscience Foundation.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.
Ethical Approval
This study did not involve human or animal subjects, and was a secondary analysis of data compiled and provided by AAMC. IRB approval was not obtained for this study.
Any Applicable Disclaimer Statements
AAMC: Faculty Roster, December 31 snapshots, as of February 28, 2019. Dr. Khosa is the recipient of the AFMC-May Cohen Equity, Diversity and Gender Award (2020); Canadian Association of Radiologists-Young Investigator Award (2019); Rising Star Exchange Scholarship Program of French Society of Radiology (2019) and Humanitarian Award of Association of Physicians of Pakistani Descent of North America (2019). Other authors do not have any relevant disclosures.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chaudhary, A.M.D., Naveed, S., Siddiqi, J. et al. US Psychiatry Faculty: Academic Rank, Gender and Racial Profile. Acad Psychiatry 44, 260–266 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-020-01192-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-020-01192-2