Abstract
In water-based boundary lubrication regime, the contact gaps (or boundary lubricated film thickness) and surface pressure distribution must be determined to really understand the boundary lubricated contact mechanism. However, the accurate determination of these parameters is limited. In this study, a mechanical model based on boundary lubricated contact involving surface force effects is developed. The surface force distribution characteristics, normal force vs. central film thickness curve, and macroscale water-based boundary lubricated contact are investigated numerically. The results show that hydration directly affects surface force interaction. The accurate boundary lubricated film thickness and surface pressure distribution can be obtained using this model in point contact. Furthermore, the mechanism of macroscale water- based liquid boundary lubricated contact is investigated, in which a water-based boundary lubricated film is formed under appropriate operating conditions based on surface force effects during running-in. This study can reveal the water-base boundary lubricated contact behavior and the carrying capacity of the surface force effect, and provides important design guidance for the surface force effect to achieve liquid superlubricity in water-based boundary lubricated contacts.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Abbreviations
- a :
-
Hertz contact radius, m
- a w :
-
Radius of the ball wear surface, m
- A h :
-
Hamaker constant, J
- E :
-
Effective elastic modulus, GPa
- F :
-
Normal load, N
- h :
-
Contact gaps or boundary film thickness, m
- h 0 :
-
Original gap between ball and disc, m
- h w :
-
Ball geometric shape, m
- k :
-
Boltzmann constant
- l 0 :
-
Equilibrium separation, m
- p c :
-
Asperity contact pressure, Pa
- p EDL :
-
Electric double layer acting pressure, Pa
- p H :
-
Maximum Hertz contact pressure, Pa
- p hyd :
-
Hydration acting pressure, Pa
- p hyd0 :
-
Hydration constant of different lubricant, Pa
- p vdW :
-
van der Waals attraction pressure, Pa
- p s :
-
Surface pressure, Pa
- p rep :
-
Short-range repulsive contact pressure, Pa
- rms:
-
root mean square of surface height, m
- R :
-
Equivalent radius of ball, m
- R e :
-
Equivalent radius of surface after running-in, m
- T :
-
Absolute temperature, K
- x, y, z :
-
Position coordinates
- β x, β y :
-
Autocorrelation lengths of the surface profile along the x-axis, y-axis direction, m
- γ :
-
Surface energy, J
- γ c :
-
Proportion of the load supported by the asperity contact in the total load, %
- δ :
-
the comprehensive surface roughness height, m
- ε :
-
Parameter determining the depth of the potential well, J
- κ :
-
Debye length, m
- λ :
-
Hydration decay constant, m
- σ :
-
Distance at which the interparticle potential is zero, m
- ϕ :
-
Surface potential, V
References
Ball P. Water as an active constituent in cell biology. Chem Rev 108(1): 74–108 (2008)
Seror J, Zhu L Y, Goldberg R, Day A J, Klein J. Supramolecular synergy in the boundary lubrication of synovial joints. Nat Commun 6(1): 6497 (2015)
Guo Z W, Yuan C Q, Liu A X, Jiang S. Study on tribological properties of novel biomimetic material for water-lubricated stern tube bearing. Wear 376–377: 911–919 (2017)
Mei D, Lin B, Sui T, Wang A, Shuai Y, Qiang Y. The excellent anti-wear and friction reduction properties of silica nanoparticles as ceramic water lubrication additives. Ceram Int 44(12): 14901–14906 (2018)
Wang Y R, Yu Q L, Cai M R, Shi L, Zhou F, Liu W M. Synergy of lithium salt and non-ionic surfactant for significantly improved tribological properties of water-based fluids. Tribol Int 113: 58–64 (2017)
Björneholm O, Hansen M H, Hodgson A, Liu L M, Bluhm H. Water at interfaces. Chem Rev 116(13): 7698–7726 (2016)
Chen L, Qian L M. Role of interfacial water in adhesion, friction, and wear—A critical review. Friction 9(1): 1–28 (2021)
Israelachvili J N. Intermolecular and Surface Forces, 3rd Edition. San Diego (USA): Elsevier Academic Press Inc., 2011.
Funari R, Matsumoto A, de Bruyn J R, Shen A Q. Rheology of the electric double layer in electrolyte solutions. Anal Chem 92(12): 8244–8253 (2020)
Kelsall G H, Zhu Y, Spikes H A. Electrochemical effects on friction between metal oxide surfaces in aqueous solutions. Faraday Trans 89(2): 267–272 (1993)
Bo Z, Umehara N. Hydrodynamic lubrication theory considering electric double layer for very thin water film lubrication of ceramics. JSME Int J Ser C 41(2): 285–290 (1998)
Huang P, Wong P L, Meng Y G, Wen S Z. Influences of electric double layer on thin lubrication film thickness and pressure. (in Chinese). Chin J Mech Eng 38(8): 9–13 (2002)
Zuo Q Y, Huang P, Su F H. Theory analysis of asymmetrical electric double layer effects on thin film lubrication. Tribol Int 49: 67–74 (2012)
Xie G X, Guo D, Luo J B. Lubrication under charged conditions. Tribol Int 84: 22–35 (2015)
Fang Y F, Ma L R, Luo J B. Modelling for water-based liquid lubrication with ultra-low friction coefficient in rough surface point contact. Tribol Int 141: 105901 (2020)
Leikin S, Parsegian V A, Rau D C. Hydration forces. Annu Rev Phys Chem 44(1): 369–395 (1993)
Faraudo J, Bresme F. Origin of the short-range, strong repulsive force between ionic surfactant layers. Phys Rev Lett 94(7): 077802.1–077802.4 (2005)
Klein J. Hydration lubrication. Friction 1(1): 1–23 (2013)
Briscoe W H, Titmuss S, Tiberg F, Thomas R, Mcgillivray D, Klein J. Boundary lubrication under water. Nature 444(7116): 191–194 (2006)
Ma L R, Gaisinskaya-Kipnis A, Kampf N, Klein J. Origins of hydration lubrication. Nat Commun 6: 6060 (2015)
Diao Y J, Espinosa-Marzal R M. Molecular insight into the nanoconfined calcite-solution interface. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 113(43): 12047–12052 (2016)
Li Y Z, Li S W, Bai P P, Jia W, Tian Y. Surface wettability effect on aqueous lubrication: Van der Waals and hydration force competition induced adhesive friction. J Colloid Interface Sci 599: 667–675 (2021)
Luo J B, Zhou X. Superlubricitive engineering—Future industry nearly getting rid of wear and frictional energy consumption. Friction 8(4): 643–665 (2020)
Luo J B, Liu M, Ma L R. Origin of friction and the new frictionless technology—Superlubricity: Advancements and future outlook. Nano Energy 86: 10.6092 (2021)
Li J J, Zhang C H, Deng M M, Luo J B. Investigations of the superlubricity of sapphire against ruby under phosphoric acid lubrication. Friction 2(2): 164–172 (2014)
Deng M M, Zhang C H, Li J J, Ma L R, Luo J B. Hydrodynamic effect on the superlubricity of phosphoric acid between ceramic and sapphire. Friction 2(2): 173–181 (2014)
Ge X Y, Halmans T, Li J J, Luo J B. Molecular behaviors in thin film lubrication—Part three: Superlubricity attained by polar and nonpolar molecules. Friction 7(6): 625–636 (2019)
Liang H, Guo D, Luo J B. Film forming behavior in thin film lubrication at high speeds. Friction 6(2): 156–163 (2018)
Zhang S H, Qiao Y J, Liu Y H, Ma L R, Luo J B. Molecular behaviors in thin film lubrication—Part one: Film formation for different polarities of molecules. Friction 7(4): 372–387 (2019)
Han T Y, Zhang C H, Luo J B. Macroscale superlubricity enabled by hydrated alkali metal ions. Langmuir 34(38): 11281–11291 (2018)
Han T Y, Zhang C H, Li J J, Yuan S H, Luo J B. Origins of superlubricity promoted by hydrated multivalent ions. J Phys Chem Lett 11(1): 184–190 (2020)
Li S W, Bai P P, Li Y Z, Jia W, Tian Y. Extreme-pressure superlubricity of polymer solution enhanced with hydrated salt ions. Langmuir 36(24): 6765–6774 (2020)
Chu L M, Lin J R, Chen J L. Effects of surface roughness and surface force on the thin film elastohydrodynamic lubrication of circular contacts. Z Naturforsch A 67(6–7): 412–418 (2012)
Zhang S W, Zhang C H, Hu Y Z, Ma L R. Numerical simulation of mixed lubrication considering surface forces. Tribol Int 140: 105878 (2019)
Muller V M, Yushchenko V S, Derjaguin B V. On the influence of molecular forces on the deformation of an elastic sphere and its sticking to a rigid plane. J Colloid Interface Sci 77(1): 91–101 (1980)
Yu N, Polycarpou A A. Adhesive contact based on the Lennard-Jones potential: A correction to the value of the equilibrium distance as used in the potential. J Colloid Interface Sci 278(2): 428–435 (2004)
Polonsky I A, Keer L M. A numerical method for solving rough contact problems based on the multi-level multi-summation and conjugate gradient techniques. Wear 231(2): 206–219 (1999)
Liu S B, Wang Q, Liu G. A versatile method of discrete convolution and FFT (DC-FFT) for contact analyses. Wear 243(1–2): 101–111 (2000)
Medina S, Dini D. A numerical model for the deterministic analysis of adhesive rough contacts down to the nano-scale. Int J Solids Struct 51(14): 2620–2632 (2014)
Bazrafshan M, de Rooij M B, Valefi M, Schipper D J. Numerical method for the adhesive normal contact analysis based on a Dugdale approximation. Tribol Int 112: 117–128 (2017)
Banquy X, Le Dévédec F, Cheng H, Faivre J, Zhu J X X, Valtiner M. Interaction forces between pegylated star-shaped polymers at mica surfaces. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9(33): 28027–28033 (2017)
Hu Y Z, Tonder K. Simulation of 3-D random rough surface by 2-D digital filter and Fourier analysis. Int J Mach Tool Manuf 32(1–2): 83–90 (1992)
Acknowledgements
This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51922058) and Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (2021J05055).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Yanfei FANG. He received his Ph.D. degree in mechanical engineering from South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China in 2017. Following a postdoctoral period at the State Key Laboratory of Tribology of Tsinghua University, he is now working as a lecturer in the College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University in Xiamen, China. His research area is mainly about thin film lubrication and engineering tribology.
Liran MA. She received her bachelor degree from Tsinghua University in 2005, and received her Ph.D. degree from Tsinghua University in 2010. Following a postdoctoral period at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel, she is now working as an associate professor in State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University. Her current research interests are tribology and surface & interface science. She has published over 60 SCI papers. She was elected as the Young Chang Jiang Scholar in 2015.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Fang, Y., Ma, L. Mechanic model of water-based boundary lubricated contact based on surface force effects. Friction 11, 93–108 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-021-0579-0
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-021-0579-0