Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Schizo-Obsessive Disorder: the Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Comorbid Schizophrenia and OCD

  • Anxiety, Obsessive Compulsive, and Related Disorders (B Brennan and D Dougherty, Section Editors)
  • Published:
Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Opinion statement

Schizophrenia and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) appear to share clinical features and tend to co-occur more commonly than would be expected by chance. Obsessive–compulsive symptoms (OCS) are commonly observed in schizophrenia. Large-scale follow-up studies are needed to probe this intriguing relationship and to examine the diagnostic stability of the subgroup of patients, who present with features of both. In addition, there is a need for valid and reliable diagnostic instruments in this population. Treatment of schizo-obsessive patients is a challenging endeavor. Though the evidence base is small, patients with schizophrenia and co-occuring OCS are clinically challenging, as their response to traditional treatments can be unusual. Typical antipsychotics are seldom used to treat schizo-obsessive patients owing to their limited serotonergic properties and heightened sensitivity to motor side effects. Evidence points toward a potential bidirectional effect of atypical antipsychotics (improvement and worsening) on OCS in schizophrenia patients. Compared with risperidone and clozapine, olanzapine may show more ameliorating effects on both OCS and schizophrenic symptoms, while aripiprazole has shown a meaningful clinical improvement of OCS in schizophrenia patients. Second-generation antipsychotics may be effective as monotherapy, but a combination with antiobsessional agents is usually required. Cognitive–behavioral therapy, electroconvulsive therapy, and other nonpharmacological interventions may be useful options in select patients with this comorbidity. Most importantly, clinician awareness of the co-occurrence of obsessive–compulsive and psychotic symptoms is important for early identification and treatment of both.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References and Recommended Reading

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as:• Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. Poyurovsky M. Schizo-obsessive disorder. New York: Cambridge University Press. Comprehensive monograph on the topic; 2013: 1.

  2. Frias A, Palma C, Farriols N, Salvador A, Bonet J, Bernaldez I. Psychopathology and quality of life among patients with comorbidity between schizophrenia spectrum disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: no evidence for a “schizo-obsessive” subtype. Compr Psychiatry. 2014;55(5):1165–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Swets M, Dekker J, van Emmerik-van Oortmerssen K, et al. The obsessive compulsive spectrum in schizophrenia, a meta-analysis and meta-regression exploring prevalence rates. Schizophr Res. 2014;152(2-3):458–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Devi S, Rao NP, Badamath S, Chandrashekhar CR, Janardhan RYC. Prevalence and clinical correlates of obsessive-compulsive disorder in schizophrenia. Compr Psychiatry. 2015;56:141–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Meier SM, Petersen L, Pedersen MG, et al. Obsessive-compulsive disorder as a risk factor for schizophrenia: a nationwide study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(11):1215–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Lysaker PH, Whitney KA. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia: prevalence, correlates and treatment. Expert Rev Neurother. 2009;9(1):99–107.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. de Haan L, Sterk B, van der Valk R. Presence of obsessive compulsive symptoms in first-episode schizophrenia or related disorders is associated with subjective well-being and quality of life. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2013;7(3):285–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. de Haan L, Sterk B, Wouters L, Linszen DH. The 5-year course of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and obsessive-compulsive disorder in first-episode schizophrenia and related disorders. Schizophr Bull. 2013;39(1):151–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Hosseini SH, Zarghami M, Moudi S, Mohammadpour AR. Frequency and severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms/disorders, violence and suicidal in schizophrenic patients. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2012;14(6):345–51.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Michalopoulou PG, Konstantakopoulos G, Typaldou M, et al. Can cognitive deficits differentiate between schizophrenia with and without obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Compr Psychiatry. 2014;55(4):1015–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Lysaker PH, Bryson GJ, Marks KA, Greig TC, Bell MD. Association of obsessions and compulsions in schizophrenia with neurocognition and negative symptoms. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2002;14(4):449–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Frias A, Palma C, Farriols N, Becerra C, Alvarez A, Canete J. Neuropsychological profile and treatment-related features among patients with comorbidity between schizophrenia spectrum disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: is there evidence for a “schizo-obsessive” subtype. Psychiatry Res. 2014;220(3):846–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Reznik I, Sirota P. Obsessive and compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial with fluvoxamine and neuroleptics. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000;20(4):410–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Ucok A, Tukel R, Ozgen G, Saylan M, Uzuner G. Frequency of obsessive compulsive symptoms and disorder in patients with schizophrenia: importance for prognosis. Encéphale. 2006;32(1 Pt 1):41–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Buckley PF, Miller BJ, Lehrer DS, Castle DJ. Psychiatric comorbidities and schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2009;35(2):383–402.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Achim AM, Maziade M, Raymond E, Olivier D, Merette C, Roy MA. How prevalent are anxiety disorders in schizophrenia? A meta-analysis and critical review on a significant association. Schizophr Bull. 2011;37(4):811–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Kayahan B, Ozturk O, Veznedaroglu B, Eraslan D. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia: prevalence and clinical correlates. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2005;59(3):291–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Kessler RC, Birnbaum H, Demler O, et al. The prevalence and correlates of nonaffective psychosis in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Biol Psychiatry. 2005;58(8):668–76.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Fullana MA, Mataix-Cols D, Caspi A, et al. Obsessions and compulsions in the community: prevalence, interference, help-seeking, developmental stability, and co-occurring psychiatric conditions. Am J Psychiatry. 2009;166(3):329–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Fonseka TM, Richter MA, Muller DJ. Second generation antipsychotic-induced obsessive-compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia: a review of the experimental literature. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2014;16(11):510. Useful review of this complex literature.

  21. Scheltema BAA, Swets M, Machielsen M, Korver N. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia: a naturalistic cross-sectional study comparing treatment with clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and no antipsychotics in 543 patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012;73(11):1395–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Poyurovsky M, Zohar J, Glick I, et al. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia: implications for future psychiatric classifications. Compr Psychiatry. 2012;53(5):480–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Devulapalli KK, Welge JA, Nasrallah HA. Temporal sequence of clinical manifestation in schizophrenia with co-morbid OCD: review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2008;161(1):105–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Ucok A, Ceylan ME, Tihan AK, Lapcin S, Ger C, Tukel R. Obsessive compulsive disorder and symptoms may have different effects on schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2011;35(2):429–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Sterk B, Lankreijer K, Linszen DH, de Haan L. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in first episode psychosis and in subjects at ultra high risk for developing psychosis; onset and relationship to psychotic symptoms. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2011;45(5):400–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Faragian S, Fuchs C, Pashinian A, Weizman R, Weizman A, Poyurovsky M. Age-of-onset of schizophrenic and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with schizo-obsessive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2012;197(1-2):19–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Hwang MY, Kim SW, Yum SY, Opler LA. Management of schizophrenia with obsessive-compulsive features. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2009;32(4):835–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Aoyama F, Iida J, Inoue M, et al. Brain imaging in childhood- and adolescence-onset schizophrenia associated with obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2000;102(1):32–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Association AP. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th ed, text revision. Washington: American Psychiatric Association; 1997.

  30. Oulis P, Konstantakopoulos G, Lykouras L, Michalopoulou PG. Differential diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive symptoms from delusions in schizophrenia: a phenomenological approach. World J Psychiatry. 2013;3(3):50–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Ozkiris A, Essizoglu A, Gulec G, Aksaray G. The relationship between insight and the level of expressed emotion in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Nord J Psychiatry. 2015;69(3):204–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Fontenelle JM, Santana LS, Lessa LR, Victoria MS, Mendlowicz MV, Fontenelle LF. The concept of insight in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2010;32(1):77–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Aigner M, Zitterl W, Prayer D, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder with good versus poor insight. Psychiatry Res. 2005;140(2):173–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Catapano F, Sperandeo R, Perris F, Lanzaro M, Maj M. Insight and resistance in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychopathology. 2001;34(2):62–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Poyurovsky M, Faragian S, Kleinman-Balush V, Pashinian A, Kurs R, Fuchs C. Awareness of illness and insight into obsessive-compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2007;195(9):765–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Association AP. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Fifth Edition (DSM-5)th ed. Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Bottas A, Cooke RG, Richter MA. Comorbidity and pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in schizophrenia: is there evidence for a schizo-obsessive subtype of schizophrenia. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2005;30(3):187–93.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Green AI, Canuso CM, Brenner MJ, Wojcik JD. Detection and management of comorbidity in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2003;26(1):115–39.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Ohmori T. Pharmacology and clinical implication of typical antipsychotics. Nihon Rinsho. 2013;71(4):648–53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Peluso MJ, Lewis SW, Barnes TR, Jones PB. Extrapyramidal motor side-effects of first- and second-generation antipsychotic drugs. Br J Psychiatry. 2012;200(5):387–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Schirmbeck F, Nieratschker V, Frank J, et al. Polymorphisms in the glutamate transporter gene SLC1A1 and obsessive-compulsive symptoms induced by second-generation antipsychotic agents. Psychiatr Genet. 2012;22(5):245–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Doyle M, Chorcorain AN, Griffith E, Trimble T, O’Callaghan E. Obsessive compulsive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia on clozapine and with obsessive compulsive disorder: a comparison study. Compr Psychiatry. 2014;55(1):130–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Sa AR, Hounie AG, Sampaio AS, Arrais J, Miguel EC, Elkis H. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms and disorder in patients with schizophrenia treated with clozapine or haloperidol. Compr Psychiatry. 2009;50(5):437–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Mahendran R, Liew E, Subramaniam M. De novo emergence of obsessive-compulsive symptoms with atypical antipsychotics in Asian patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: a retrospective, cross-sectional study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68(4):542–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Vazquez-Bourgon J, Rodriguez-Rodriguez P, Gomez-Ruiz E, Artal J, Crespo-Facorro B. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms induced by long-acting injectable paliperidone in a patient with schizophrenia: a case report. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2014;26(4):301–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Baker RW, Ames D, Umbricht DS, Chengappa KN, Schooler NR. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia: a comparison of olanzapine and placebo. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1996;32(1):89–93.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Morrison D, Clark D, Goldfarb E, McCoy L. Worsening of obsessive-compulsive symptoms following treatment with olanzapine. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155(6):855.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Poyurovsky M, Dorfman-Etrog P, Hermesh H, Munitz H, Tollefson GD, Weizman A. Beneficial effect of olanzapine in schizophrenic patients with obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000;15(3):169–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Lykouras L, Zervas IM, Gournellis R, Malliori M, Rabavilas A. Olanzapine and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2000;10(5):385–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Alevizos B, Papageorgiou C, Christodoulou GN. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms with olanzapine. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2004;7(3):375–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. van Nimwegen L, de Haan L, van Beveren N, Laan W, van den Brink W, Linszen D. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in a randomized, double-blind study with olanzapine or risperidone in young patients with early psychosis. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008;28(2):214–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Sriretnakumar V, Huang E, Muller DJ. Pharmacogenetics of clozapine treatment response and side-effects in schizophrenia: an update. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2015;11(11):1709–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Schirmbeck F, Zink M. Clozapine-induced obsessive-compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia: a critical review. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2012;10(1):88–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. MacCabe JH, Travis M. Clozapine-induced obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2004;28(7):1209. author reply 1211.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. De Haan L, Oekeneva A, Van Amelsvoort T, Linszen D. Obsessive-compulsive disorder and treatment with clozapine in 200 patients with recent-onset schizophrenia or related disorders. Eur Psychiatry. 2004;19(8):524.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Juven-Wetzler A, Fostick L, Cwikel-Hamzany S, Balaban E, Zohar J. Treatment with ziprasidone for schizophrenia patients with OCD. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014;24(9):1454–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. de Bartolomeis A, Tomasetti C, Iasevoli F. Update on the Mechanism of action of aripiprazole: translational insights into antipsychotic strategies beyond dopamine receptor antagonism. CNS Drugs. 2015;29(9):773–99.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Pan B, Chen J, Lian J, Huang XF, Deng C. Unique effects of acute aripiprazole treatment on the dopamine D2 receptor downstream cAMP-PKA and Akt-GSK3beta signalling pathways in rats. PLoS One. 2015;10(7):e0132722.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Connor KM, Payne VM, Gadde KM, Zhang W, Davidson JR. The use of aripiprazole in obsessive-compulsive disorder: preliminary observations in 8 patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66(1):49–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Glick ID, Poyurovsky M, Ivanova O, Koran LM. Aripiprazole in schizophrenia patients with comorbid obsessive-compulsive symptoms: an open-label study of 15 patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69(12):1856–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Schonfelder S, Schirmbeck F, Waltereit R, Englisch S, Zink M. Aripiprazole improves olanzapine-associated obsessive compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2011;34(6):256–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Eryilmaz G, Hizli SG, Ozten E, Gogcegoz GI, Karamustafalioglu O. Aripirazole augmentation in clozapine-associated obsessive-compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2013;12(1):40.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Peters B, de Haan L. Remission of schizophrenia psychosis and strong reduction of obsessive-compulsive disorder after adding clozapine to aripiprazole. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2009;33(8):1576–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Villari V, Frieri T, Fagiolini A. Aripiprazole augmentation in clozapine-associated obsessive-compulsive symptoms. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011;31(3):375–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Englisch S, Esslinger C, Inta D, et al. Clozapine-induced obsessive-compulsive syndromes improve in combination with aripiprazole. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2009;32(4):227–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Desarkar P, Das A, Nizamie SH. Aripiprazole-induced obsessive-compulsive disorder: a report of 2 cases. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007;27(3):305–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Mouaffak F, Gallarda T, Bayle FJ, Olie JP, Baup N. Worsening of obsessive-compulsive symptoms after treatment with aripiprazole. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007;27(2):237–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Berman I, Sapers BL, Chang HH, Losonczy MF, Schmildler J, Green AI. Treatment of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in schizophrenic patients with clomipramine. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1995;15(3):206–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Stryjer R, Dambinsky Y, Timinsky I, et al. Escitalopram in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder: an open-label, prospective study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013;28(2):96–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Margetic B, Aukst-Margetic B, Jakovljevic M. Aggravation of schizophrenia by clomipramine in a patient with comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2008;41(2):9–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Gahr M, Rehbaum K, Connemann BJ. Clozapine-associated development of second-onset obsessive compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia: impact of clozapine serum levels and fluvoxamine add-on. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2014;47(3):118–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Spina E, de Leon J. Clinically relevant interactions between newer antidepressants and second-generation antipsychotics. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2014;10(5):721–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Canan F, Aydinoglu U, Sinani G. Valproic acid augmentation in clozapine-associated hand-washing compulsion. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2012;66(5):463–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Rodriguez CI, Corcoran C, Simpson HB. Diagnosis and treatment of a patient with both psychotic and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167(7):754–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Zink M, Englisch S, Knopf U, Kuwilsky A, Dressing H. Augmentation of clozapine with valproic acid for clozapine-induced obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2007;40(5):202–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Aslam M, Irfan M, Naeem F. Brief culturally adapted cognitive behaviour therapy for obsessive compulsive disorder: a pilot study. Pak J Med Sci. 2015;31(4):874–9.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Albert U, Bogetto F. Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: drugs, psychotherapy or combined treatments? Riv Psichiatr. 2015;50(4):153–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. McLean CP, Zandberg LJ, Van Meter PE, Carpenter JK, Simpson HB, Foa EB. Exposure and response prevention helps adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder who do not respond to pharmacological augmentation strategies. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76(12):1653–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Mander H, Kingdon D. The evolution of cognitive-behavioral therapy for psychosis. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2015;8:63–9.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Tundo A, Salvati L, Di SD, et al. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder as a comorbidity with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Psychother Psychosom. 2012;81(1):58–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Loi S, Bonwick R. Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment of late-onset obsessive compulsive disorder. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;22(5):830–1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Lins-Martins NM, Yucel M, Tovar-Moll F, Rodrigues EC, Fontenelle LF. Electroconvulsive therapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a chart review and evaluation of its potential therapeutic effects. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2015;27(1):65–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Hanisch F, Friedemann J, Piro J, Gutmann P. Maintenance electroconvulsive therapy for comorbid pharmacotherapy-refractory obsessive-compulsive and schizoaffective disorder. Eur J Med Res. 2009;14(8):367–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  84. Haack SA, Borghesani PR, Green AJ, Neumaier JF, Shyn SI. Electroconvulsive therapy for catatonia in an 18-year-old patient presenting with mixed features of schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2014;24(7):411–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Chaves MP, Crippa JA, Morais SL, Zuardi AW. Electroconvulsive therapy for coexistent schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66(4):542–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Rao NP, Antony A, Raveendranathan D, et al. Successful use of maintenance electroconvulsive therapy in the treatment of clozapine-associated obsessive-compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia: a case report. J ECT. 2011;27(1):e37–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Ooms P, Mantione M, Figee M, Schuurman PR, van den Munckhof P, Denys D. Deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorders: long-term analysis of quality of life. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014;85(2):153–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Youngerman BE, Chan AK, Mikell CB, McKhann GM, Sheth SA. A decade of emerging indications: deep brain stimulation in the United States. J Neurosurg. 2016;1:1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. George MS, Taylor JJ, Short EB. The expanding evidence base for rTMS treatment of depression. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2013;26(1):13–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  90. Saba G, Moukheiber A, Pelissolo A. Transcranial cortical stimulation in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorders: efficacy studies. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2015;17(5):36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Hadi E, Greenberg Y, Sirota P. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia: prevalence, clinical features and treatment. A literature review. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2012;13(1):2–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Zink M. Comorbid obsessive-compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia: insight into pathomechanisms facilitates treatment. Adv Med. 2014;2014:317980.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  93. Negueruela-Lopez M, Mardomingo MJ, Sanchez P. Prodromal obsessive-compulsive symptoms in a case of schizophrenia. Actas Esp Psiquiatr. 2012;40(2):102–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Krause DL, Matz J, Schennach R, Muller N, Dehning S. Ziprasidone for obsessive compulsive disorder in schizophrenia. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2013;3(2):115–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  95. Hung S, Hung GC. A rapid improvement in obsessive-compulsive disorder with milnacipran in a patient with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2014;34(5):653–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Rosli AN, Wan IWS. Comorbidity of obsessive-compulsive disorder and schizophrenia in an adolescent. Case Rep Psychiatry. 2015;2015:136835.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  97. Sachdeva A, Chandra M, Saxena A, Beniwal RP, Kandpal M, Kumar A. Case report of comorbid schizophrenia and obsessive compulsive disorder in a patient who was tube-fed for four years by family members because of his refusal to eat. Shanghai Arch Psychiatry. 2015;27(4):252–5.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  98. Makhinson M, Furst BA, Shuff MK, Kwon GE. Successful treatment of co-occurring catatonia and obsessive-compulsive disorder with concurrent electroconvulsive therapy and benzodiazepine administration. J ECT. 2012;28(3):e35–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Johnson E, Peglow S, Patel S, DeFilippo C. Refractory schizo-obsessive disorder responsive to electroconvulsive therapy. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2014;26(4):E15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China

    TianHang Zhou MD & Xin Yu MD, PhD

  2. McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA

    TianHang Zhou MD & Dost Öngür MD, PhD

  3. Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey

    Burak Baytunca MD

Authors
  1. TianHang Zhou MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Burak Baytunca MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Xin Yu MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Dost Öngür MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dost Öngür MD, PhD.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

TianHang Zhou declares that she has no conflict of interest. Burak Baytunca declares that he has no conflict of interest. Xin Yu declares that he has no conflict of interest.

Dost Öngür reports grants from Roche Genentech, outside the submitted work.

Human and animal rights and informed consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Anxiety, Obsessive Compulsive, and Related Disorders

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zhou, T., Baytunca, B., Yu, X. et al. Schizo-Obsessive Disorder: the Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Comorbid Schizophrenia and OCD. Curr Treat Options Psych 3, 235–245 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40501-016-0085-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40501-016-0085-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation