Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Understanding Addictions among Indigenous People through Social Determinants of Health Frameworks and Strength-Based Approaches: a Review of the Research Literature from 2013 to 2016

  • Health Disparities in Addiction (D Barry, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Addiction Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of Review

This paper reviews recent research (2013 to 2016) about addictions among Indigenous people. The review concentrates on Indigenous people living within Canada while drawing on literature from countries with similar settler-colonial histories (namely: USA, Australia, and New Zealand).

Recent Findings

Research indicates that Indigenous people, particularly youth, carry a disproportionate burden of harms from problematic substance use in relation to the general population in Canada. While much research continues to focus on the relationship between individualized risk factors (i.e., behaviors) and problematic substance use, increasingly researchers are engaging a social determinants of health framework, including Indigenous-specific determinants. This includes strength-based approaches focusing on protective factors, including the role of traditional culture in Indigenous peoples’ wellness.

Summary

Since focusing on individualized risk factors and deficit-based frames are inadequate for addressing Indigenous peoples’ health, recent research engaging a social determinants of health framework and strength-based approaches is promising.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. In this paper, Indigenous people refers to those who are the original inhabitants of the land we are discussing. Within Canada, Indigenous people include First Nations, Métis, and Inuit people.

  2. The National Survey on Drug Use and Health and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System uses “White” as a racial/cultural group and a racial/ethnic group.

  3. According to the 2012 Canadian Alcohol and Drug Use Monitoring Survey, this is not due to substantial decreases in illicit drug use.

  4. As Browne, Smye explain, “Racialization is a process of attributing social, economic, and cultural differences to race. Racialization may be conscious and deliberate (an act of racism that discriminates openly) or unconscious and unintended. It takes its power from everyday actions and attitudes and from institutionalized policies and practices that marginalize individuals and collectivities on the basis of presumed biological, physical or genetic differences.” [18] As such, health disparities that are often labeled “racial” are produced through processes of racialization.

  5. “To the Commission, reconciliation is about establishing and maintaining a mutually respectful relationship between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal peoples in this country. In order for that to happen, there has to be an awareness of the past, acknowledgement of the harm that has been inflicted, atonement for the causes, and action to change the behavior” (pp. 6 and 7)

References

Papers of Particular Interest, Published recently, Have Been Highlighted as: • Of importance

  1. United Nations. United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. United Nations, 2008 March 2008. Report No.: Contract No.: 07–58681.

  2. Canada. Report of the Royal Commission on aboriginal peoples. Ottawa: ONT: Indian and Northern Affairs Canada; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Tait C. Disruptions in nature, disruptions in society: Aboriginal peoples of Canada and the ‘making’ of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. In: Kirmayer LJ, Valaskakis GG, editors. Healing Traditions: The mental health of Aboriginal peoples in Canada Vancouver: . Vancouver: UBC Press; 2009. p. 196–218.

  4. Tait C. Simmering outrage during an “epidemic” of fetal alcohol syndrome. Canadian Woman Studies/les Cahiers de la Femme’s. 2008;26(3/4):69–76.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Cunningham JK, Solomon TA, Muramoto ML. Alcohol use among Native Americans compared to whites: examining the veracity of the ‘Native American elevated alcohol consumption’ belief. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;160:65–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Dell C, Gardipy J, Kirlin N, Naytowhow V, Nicol JJ. Enhancing the well-being of criminalized indigenous women: a contemporary take on traditional and cultural knowledge. In: Balfour G, Comach E, editors. Criminalizing women: gender and (in)justice in neo-liberal times. Blackpoint, NS: Fernwood Publishing; 2014. p. 314–29.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Hunting G, Browne AJ. Decolonizing policy discourse: reframing the ‘problem’ of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Women’s Health and Urban Life. 2012;11(1):35–53.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Rutman D, Callahan M, Jackson S, Field B. Substance Use and Pregnancy: Conceiving Women in the Policy-Making Process. Ottawa, ON: Status of Women Canada, 2000 Catalogue No.: SW21-47/2000E.

  9. Salmon A. “It takes a community”: constructing aboriginal mothers and children with FAS/FAE as objects of moral panic in/through a FAS/FAE prevention policy. Journal of the association for research on mothering. 2004;6(1):112–23.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Baskin C, Strike C, McPherson B. Long time overdue: an examination of the destructive impacts of policy and legislation on pregnant and parenting aboriginal women and their children. The International Indigenous Policy Journal [Internet]. 2015; 6(1). Available from: http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/iipj/vol6/iss1/5.

  11. Ospina M, Dennet L. Systematic review on the prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Institute of Health Economics: Edmonton, AB; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  12. First Nations Information Governance Centre. First Nations Regional Health Survey (RHS) 2008/10: national report on adults, youth and children living in first nations communities. Ottawa: FNIGC; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Firestone M, Tyndall M, Fischer B. Substance use and related harms among aboriginal people in Canada: a comprehensive review. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2015;26(4):1110–31 .This article is a comprehensive review of public data, journal articles, and grey literature from 2000 to 2014 about substance use and harms among Indigenous people in Canada. The literature reviewed indicates Indigenous people are carrying a disproportiate burden of substance use-related harms

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Statistics Canada. Aboriginal peoples in Canada: First Nations People, Métis and Inuit. Ottawa, Ontario 2013. Available from: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/access_acces/alternative_alternatif.action?t=99-011-XWE2011001&l=eng&loc=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/as-sa/99-011-x/99-011-x2011001-eng.pdf.

  15. Firestone M, Smylie J, Maracle S, McKnight C, Spiller M, O’Campo P. Mental health and substance use in an urban First Nations population in Hamilton, Ontario. Canadian journal of public health—Revue canadienne de sante publique. 2015;106(6):e375–e81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Fortin M, Bélanger RE, Boucher O, Muckle G. Temporal trends of alcohol and drug use among Inuit of northern Quebec, Canada. International journal of circumpolar health. 2015;74.

  17. Gionet L, Roshanafshar S. Select health indicators of First Nations people living off reserve, Métis and Inuit. Ottawa, ONT: Statistics Canada, 2013 Catalogue No.: 82–624-X.

  18. Public Health Agency of Canada. HIV and AIDS in Canada: Surveillance report to December 31, 2013. Ottawa, ON: Public Health Agency of Canada, 2014.

  19. Health Canada. Canadian alcohol and drug use monitoring survey: summary of results for 2012. Ottawa: Health Canada; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Browne AJ, Smye VL, Varcoe C. The relevance of postcolonial theoretical perspectives to research in aboriginal health. The Canadian journal of nursing research =. Revue canadienne de recherche en sciences infirmieres. 2005;37(4):16–37.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Saskatchewan Ministry of Health. HIV and AIDS in Saskatchewan 2013. Regina, SK: Saskatchewan Ministry of Health; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Negin J, Aspin C, Gadsden T, Reading C. HIV among indigenous people: a review of the literature on HIV-related behavior since the beginning of the epidemic. AIDS Behav. 2015;19(9):1720–34 .This article is a comprehensive review of research about HIV-related behaviours and social determinants of health among Indigenous people in Canada, the United States, Australia and New Zealand. The authors illustrate the relationship between ‘risk behaviours’ and determinants of health, including colonization

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Mushquash CJ, Stewart SH, Mushquash AR, Comeau MN, McGrath PJ. Personality traits and drinking motives predict alcohol misuse among Canadian aboriginal youth. Int J Ment Health Addiction. 2014;12(3):270–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. King M. Contextualization of socio-culturally meaningful data. Canadian Journal of Public Health. 2015;106(6):e457.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Smith LT. Decolonizing methodologies: research and indigenous peoples. 2nd Ed. Ed. London, UK: Zed Books; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Canadian Institutes of Health Research, National Sciences and Engineering Research Council, Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Chapter 9: Research involving the First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada. In: Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans 2010. 2nd Edition. Available from: http://www.pre.ethics.gc.ca/pdf/eng/tcps2/TCPS_2_FINAL_Web.pdf.

  27. Walters KL, Antony S, Evans-Campbell T, Simoni JM, Duran B, Schultz K, et al. “Indigenist” collaborative research efforts in native American communities. In: Stiffman AR, editor. The field research survival guide. New York: Oxford University Press; 2009. p. 146–73.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  28. Adelson N. The embodiment of inequity: health disparities in aboriginal Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health. 2005;96(2):S45–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Kirmayer LJ, Valaskakis GG. Healing traditions: The mental health of Aboriginal peoples in Canada. Vancouver. 2009

  30. Greenwood M, de Leeuw S, Lindsay NM, Reading C. Determinants of indigenous peoples’ health in Canada: beyond the social. Toronto, ON: Canadian Scholars Press; 2015 .This book is the first comprehensive text examining Indigenous people’s determinants of health from Indigenous perspectives

    Google Scholar 

  31. Fineday M. Dreaming healthy Nations: Indigenous stories & the social determinants of health. Upstream [Internet]. 2015 August 3, 2016. Available from: http://www.thinkupstream.net/dreaming_healthy_nations.

  32. Reading C. Structural determinants of aboriginal peoples’ health. In: Greenwood M, de Leeuw S, Lindsay NM, Reading C, editors. Determinants of indigenous peoples’ health in Canada: beyond the social. Toronto, ON: Canadian Scholars Press; 2015. p. 3–15.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Walters KL, Spencer MS, Smukler M, Allen HL, Andrews C, Browne T, et al. Health equity: Eradicating health inequalities for future generations. Baltimore, MD: American Academy of Social Work & Social Welfare, 2016 Contract No.: 19.

  34. Smye SL. Reducing racial and social-class inequalities in health: the need for a new approach. Health Aff. 2008;27(2):456–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Shahram S. The social determinants of substance use for aboriginal women: A systematic review. Women & health. 2015.

  36. Nathoo T, Poole N, Bryans M, Dechief L, Hardeman S, Marcellus L, et al. Voices from the community: developing effective community programs to support pregnant and early parenting women who use alcohol and other substances. First peoples child & family review. 2013;8(1):93–106.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Hunt S. Embodying self-determination: beyond the gender binary. In: Greenwood M, de Leeuw S, Lindsay NM, Reading C, editors. Determinants of indigenous peoples’ health in Canada: beyond the social. Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press; 2015. p. 104–19.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Hall L. Two-eyed seeing in indigenous addiction research and treatment. In: Boyle E, Greaves L, Poole N, editors. Transforming addiction: gender, trauma, transdisciplinarity. New York: Routledge; 2015. p. 69–75.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Scheim AI, Jackson R, James L, Dopler TS, Pyne J, Bauer GR. Barriers to well-being for aboriginal gender-diverse people: results from the trans PULSE project in Ontario, Canada. Ethnicity and Inequalities in Health and Social Care. 2013;6(4):108–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Tait C, Henry R, Walker RL. Child welfare: a social determinant of health for Canadian First Nations and Métis children. Pimatisiwin. 2013;11(1):39–53.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Marshall SG. Canadian Drug Policy and the reproduction of Indigenous inequities. The International Indigenous Policy Journal. 2015;6(1).

  42. Baldry E, Cuneen C. Imprisoned indigenous women and the shadow of colonial patriarchy. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology. 2014;47(2):276–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Ware S, Ruzna J, Dias G. It can’t be fixed because it’s not broken: racism and disability in the prison industrial complex. In: Ben-Mosche L, Chapman C, Carey AC, editors. Disability incarcerated. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US; 2014. p. 163–84.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  44. Twyman L, Bonevski B, Paul C. Perceived barriers to smoking cessation in selected vulnerable groups: a systematic review of the qualitative and quantitative literature. BMJ Open. 2014;4(e006414):1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Currie CL, Wild TC, Schopflocher DP, Laing L, Veugelers P. Illicit and prescription drug problems among urban aboriginal adults in Canada: The role of traditional culture in protection and resilience. Social Science & Medicine. 2013;88(July 2013).

  46. Pearce M, Jongbloed KA, Richardson CG, Henderson EW, Pooyak SD, Oviedo-Joekes E, et al. The cedar project: resilience in the face of HIV vulnerability within a cohort study involving young indigenous people who use drugs in three Canadian cities. BMC Public Health. 2015;15(1):1095–106.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Rowan M, Poole N, Shea B, Gone JP, Mykota D, Farag M, et al. Cultural interventions to treat addictions in indigenous populations: Finding from a scoping study. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention and Policy. 2014;9(34). This scoping study highlights the important role that culture plays in many Indigenous people’s treatment and recovery from addictions

  48. Hall L, Dell CA, Fornssler B, Hopkins C, Mushquash C. Research as cultural renewal: applying two-eyed seeing in a research project about cultural interventions in First Nations Addictions Treatment. International Indigenous Policy Journal. 2015;6(2).

  49. Dell C, Fillmore C, Kilty JM. Ensuring Aboriginal women's voices are heard: Toward a balanced approach in community-based research. In: Kilty JM, Felices-Luna M, editors. Demarginalizing voices: Commitment, emotional, and action in qualitative research. Vancouver, UBC: UBC Press; 2014. p. 38–61.

  50. Ryan CJ, Cooke MJ, Leatherdale ST, Kirkpatrick SI, Wilk P. The correlates of current smoking among adult Métis: evidence from the aboriginal peoples survey and Métis supplement. Canadian Journal of Public Health. 2015;106(5):e271.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Mitrou F, Cooke M, Lawrence D, Povah D, Mobilia E, Guimond E, et al. Gaps in indigenous disadvanage are not closing: a census cohort study of social determinants of health in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand from 1981 to 2006. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:201–10.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Sered SS, Norton-Hawk M, editors. Can’t catch a break: gender, jail, drugs and the limits of personal responsibility. Oakland, CA: University of California Press; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Moore D, Fraser S, Törrönenb J, Tinghög ME. Sameness and difference: metaphor and politics in the constitution of addiction, social exclusion and gender in Australian and Swedish drug policy. International Journal of Drug Policy. 2015;26(4):420–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Beddoe L. Feral families, troubled families: the spectre of the underclass in New Zealand. N Z Sociol. 2014;29(3):51–68.

    Google Scholar 

  55. National Native Addictions Partnership Foundation, Assembly of First Nations, Health Canada. Honouring Our strengths: a renewed framework to address substance use issues among First Nations in Canada. Ottawa, ON: National Native Addictions Partnership Foundation, 2011.

  56. National Native Addictions Partnership Foundation. Indigenous Wellness Framework ©. Honouring our strengths: indigenous culture as intervention in addictions treatment. Bothwell, ON: National Native Addictions Partnership Foundation; 2014.

  57. Mushquash C, Comeaau MN, McLeod B, Stewart S. A four-stage method for developing early interventions for alcohol among aboriginal adolescents. International Journal of Mental Health and Addictions. 2010;8(2):296–309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Papequash C. The yearning journey: escape from alcoholism. Canada: Seven Generation Helpers Publishing; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Chandler MJ, Dunlop WL. Cultural wounds demand cultural medicines. In: Greenwood M, de Leeuw S, Lindsay NM, Reading C, editors. Determinants of indigenous peoples’ health in Canada: beyond the social. Toronto: Canadian Scholars Press; 2015. p. 78–89.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Kirmayer LJ, Dandeneau S, Marshall E, Phillips MK, Williamson KJ. Rethinking resiliance from indigenous perspectives. Can J Psychiatry. 2011;56(2):84–91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Wilkes E, Gray D, Saggers S, Casey W, Stearne A. Substance misuse and mental health among Aboriginal Australians. In: Purdle N, P. D, Walker P, editors. Working together: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mental health and wellbeing principles and practice. Barton: Australian Council for Educational research, Kulunga Research Network, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research; 2010. p. 117–33.

  62. Wexler L, Chandler M, Gone JP, Cwik M, Kirmayer LJ, LaFromboise T, et al. Advancing suicide prevention research with rural American Indian and Alaska Native populations. Am J Public Health. 2015;105(5):891–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Assembly of First Nations. First Nations mental wellness continuum framework launched 2015, January 28 [Available from: http://www.afn.ca/en/news-media/latest-news/first-nations-mental-wellness-continuum-framework-launched.

  64. Davey CJ, McShane KE, Pulver A, McPherson C, Firestone M. Ontario Federation of Indian Friendship Centres. A realist evaluation of a community-based addiction program for urban aboriginal people. Alcohol Treatment Quarterly. 2014;32(1):33–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Hansen JG, Callihoo N. How the urban aboriginal community members and clients of the friendship centre in Saskatoon understand addictions recovery. Aboriginal Policy Studies. 2014;3(1):88–111.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Owen S. Walking in balance: Native American recovery programs. Religions. 2014;5:1037–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Adams C, Arratoon C, Boucher J, Cartier G, Chalmers D, Dell CA, et al. The helping horse: how equine assisted learning contributes to the wellbeing of First Nations youth in treatment for volatile substance misuse. Human-Animal Interaction Bulletin. 2015;1(1):52–75.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. White Bison I. The red road to wellbriety in the Native American way. Colorado Springs, CO: Coyhis Publishing; 2002.

  69. Kovach M. Indigenous methodologies: characteristics, conversations, and contexts. Toronto: University of Toronto Press; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Baydala A, Placsko C, Hampton M, Bourassa C, McKay-McNabb K. A narrative of research with, by, and for aboriginal peoples. Pimatisiwin. 2006;4(1):47–65.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Smith LT. Decolonizing methodologies: research and indigenous peoples. London: Zed Books; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Wilson S. Research is ceremony: indigenous research methods. Halifax: Fernwood Pub.; 2008. 144 p. p.

  73. Fornssler B, Hopkins C, Dell C. Sharing culture, promoting strength: The Native Wellness Assessment. Assembly of First Nations Mental Wellness Bulletin [Internet]. Fall 2015: [13-5 pp.]. Available from: http://health.afn.ca/en/highlights/general/afn-mental-wellness-bulletin-fall-2015.

  74. Zavala M. What do we mean by decolonizing research strategies? Lessons from decolonizing, indigenous research projects in New Zealand and Latin America. Decolonization: Indigeneity, education & society. 2013;2(1):55–71.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Flicker S, Danforth JY, Wilson C, Oliver V, Larkin J, Restoule J-P, et al. “Because we have really unique art”: decolonizing research with indigenous youth using the arts. International Journal of Indigenous Health. 2014;10(1):16–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Sasakamoose J, Scerbe A, Wenaus I, Scandrett A. First Nation and Métis youth perspectives of health: an indigenous qualitative inquiry. Qualitative Inquiry. 2016.

  77. Stevenson SA. Toward a narrative ethics: indigenous community-based research, the ethics of the narrative, and the limits of conventional bioethics. Qualitative Inquiry. 2016.

  78. Flicker S, O'Campo P, Monchalin R, Thistle J, Worthington C, Masching R, et al. Research done in “a good way”: the importance of indigenous elder involvement in HIV community-based research. Am J Public Health. 2015;105(6):1149–54.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Institute of Aboriginal Peoples’ Health. Aboriginal peoples’ wellness in Canada: Scaling up the knowledge. Cultural context and community aspirations 2011. Available from: http://www.integrativescience.ca/uploads/files/2011_Aboriginal_Peoples_Wellness_in_Canada_scaling_up_the_knowledge.pdf.

  80. Bartlett C, Marshall M, Marshall A. Two-eyed seeing and other lessons learned within a co-learning journey of bringing together indigenous and mainstream knowledges and ways of knowing. Journal of Environmental Studies. 2012;2:331–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Iwama M, Marshall M, Marshall A, Bartlett C. Two-eyed seeing and the language of healing in community-based research. Can J Nativ Educ. 2009;32(2):2–23.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Rice JJ, Prince MJ, editors. Changing politics of Canadian social policy. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Kino-nda-niimi Collective. The winter we danced : voices from the past, the future, and the Idle No More movement 2014. 439 pages p.

  84. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. Honouring the truth, reconciling for the future: Summary of the final report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada: Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada; 2015. Available from: http://www.trc.ca/.

  85. Mas S. Truth and Reconciliation chair says final report marks start of ‘new era’. CBC News [Internet]. 2015, Dec. 15 August 3, 2016. Available from: http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/truth-and-reconciliation-final-report-ottawa-event-1.3365921

Download references

Acknowledgment

The authors are grateful to Indigenous community-based researchers who reviewed and provided expert comments on an earlier draft of this paper: Sharon Acoose, Laura Hall, and Erin Settee.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Interdisciplinary Studies Graduate Program, University of British Columbia, 270, 2357 Main Mall, H. R. MacMillan Building, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z4, Canada

    Holly A. McKenzie

  2. Department of Sociology, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Room 1109-9 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Canada

    Colleen A. Dell

  3. University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A5, Canada

    Colleen A. Dell & Barbara Fornssler

  4. Department of Sociology, University of Saskatchewan, Room 1124-9 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada

    Barbara Fornssler

Authors
  1. Holly A. McKenzie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Colleen A. Dell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Barbara Fornssler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Holly A. McKenzie.

Ethics declarations

In the above article, the authors refer to a research project led by the second author. All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the Canadian Interagency Advisory Panel on Research Ethics’ standards according to the Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans (2nd Edition) (TCPS 2), particularly, Chapter 9: Research involving the First Nations, Métis and Inuit Peoples of Canada and with the Indigenous principles of Ownership, Control, Access and Possession (OCAP).

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Health Disparities in Addiction

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

McKenzie, H.A., Dell, C.A. & Fornssler, B. Understanding Addictions among Indigenous People through Social Determinants of Health Frameworks and Strength-Based Approaches: a Review of the Research Literature from 2013 to 2016. Curr Addict Rep 3, 378–386 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-016-0116-9

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-016-0116-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation