Abstract
Sapindales consists of six larger families (Anacardiaceae, Burseraceae, Meliaceae, Rutaceae, Sapindaceae, and Simaroubaceae), and three smaller ones (Biebersteiniaceae, Kirkiaceae, and Nitrariaceae). It is monophyletic, but there are controversies in inter- and intra-family relations and no consensus regarding the basic chromosome number of the order and its families. We aim to detect the level of knowledge about chromosome numbers and discuss the evolution in Sapindales. We searched the literature for the available chromosome numbers, accounting for data for 214 genera and 805 species, corresponding to only about 46% of the genera and 15% of the species. Globally, among the six largest families, we observed the highest percentages of species with chromosome counts in Rutaceae (18%) and Sapindaceae (15.5%), contrasting with Burseraceae (3.5%). Chromosome numbers ranged from 2n = 10 in Biebersteiniaceae species to 2n = 360 in Trichilia dregeana Sond. (Meliaceae). We found a great diversity of chromosome numbers in each family, especially in Rutaceae, Sapindaceae, and Meliaceae. A low percentage of species of Sapindales of the Brazilian flora have their chromosome numbers known, mainly in Burseraceae (2.6%) and Meliaceae (14.9%). We confirm the importance of numerical chromosome changes in the diversification of families and genera. Polyploidy was very important in the origin of large families and later in their diversification, especially in Meliaceae and Rutaceae. Dysploidy is very frequent in the diversification of the large families. We discussed the basic chromosome numbers (x) for Sapindales and its families, based on the literature. Inconclusive results on x occur in Meliaceae and Simaroubaceae.
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This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP—Grant 2014/18002-2). The authors thank Espaço da Escrita—Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa—UNICAMP—for the language services provided
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The authors participated in all stages of this research, from the database design and analysis of the distribution of chromosomal numbers to the writing of the scientific article. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Rafael Guimarães and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Guimarães, R., Forni-Martins, E.R. Chromosome numbers and their evolutionary meaning in the Sapindales order: an overview. Braz. J. Bot 45, 77–91 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40415-021-00728-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40415-021-00728-6