Abstract
Matrix factorizations brings many conveniences and advantages for solving some real-life problems and for computational processes. The purpose of this paper is to provide a more general perspective on the factorizations and eigenvalues of the matrices whose elements are special number sequences. With the help of some useful techniques, we give factorizations of the (r, k)-bonacci and inverse (r, k)-bonacci matrices. Also, we obtain Cholesky factorization of the symmetric (r, k)-bonacci matrices. Moreover, we obtain upper and lower bounds of the eigenvalues of the symmetric (r, k)-bonacci matrices by using doubly stochastic matrices and the theory of majorization. Finally, we provide some numerical results in order to confirm theoretical results for the special cases of r and k.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adam M, Assimakis N (2014) \(k\)-step sum and \(m\)-step gap Fibonacci sequence. Int Sch Res Not 2014
Crasmareanu M, Hreţcanu C-E (2008) Golden differential geometry. Chaos Solitons Fractals 38(5):1229–1238
Falcon S, Plaza Á (2007) The k-Fibonacci sequence and the Pascal \(2\)-triangle. Chaos Solitons Fractals 33(1):38–49
Fallahpour M, Megias D (2015) Audio watermarking based on Fibonacci numbers. IEEE/ACM Trans Audio Speech Lang Process 23(8):1273–1282
Hardy GH (1929) Some simple inequalities satisfied by convex functions. Messenger Math 58:145–152
Horn RA, Johnson CR (1985) Matrix analysis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Hosny KM, Kamal ST, Darwish MM, Papakostas GA (2021) New image encryption algorithm using hyperchaotic system and Fibonacci \(q\)-matrix. Electronics 10(9):1066
Irmak N, Köme C (2021) Linear algebra of the Lucas matrix. Hacettepe J Math Stat 50(2):549–558
Kilic E (2008) The Binet formula, sums and representations of generalized Fibonacci \(p\)-numbers. Eur J Comb 29(3):701–711
Kilic E, Tasci D (2005) The linear algebra of the Pell matrix. Bol Soc Mat Mexicana 3(11)
Kiliç E, Taşci D (2006) On the generalized order-\(k\) Fibonacci and Lucas numbers. Rocky Mt J Math 1915–1926
Köme C (2022a) Some combinatorial identities via \(k\)-order Fibonacci matrices. Miskolc Math Notes 23(1):281–294
Köme C (2022b) Cholesky factorization of the generalized symmetric \(k\)-Fibonacci matrix. Gazi Univ J Sci 35(4):1585–1595
Koshy T (2001) Fibonacci and Lucas numbers with applications
Lee G-Y, Kim J-S (2003) The linear algebra of the \(k\)-Fibonacci matrix. Linear Algebra Appl 373:75–87
Lee G-Y, Lee S-G, Kim J-S, Shin H-K (2001) The Binet formula and representations of \(k\)-generalized Fibonacci numbers. Fibonacci Q 39(2):158–164
Lee G-Y, Kim J-S, Lee S-G (2002) Factorizations and eigenvalues of Fibonacci and symmetric Fibonacci matrices. Fibonacci Q 40(3):203–211
Lee G-Y, Kim J-S, Cho S-H (2003) Some combinatorial identities via Fibonacci numbers. Discrete Appl Math 130(3):527–534
Marshall AW, Olkin I, Arnold BC (1979) Inequalities: theory of majorization and its applications
Pena Ramirez J, Espinoza E, Cuesta R (2022) The golden number seen in a mechanical oscillator. Sci Rep 12(1):1–13
Stakhov A, Rozin B (2005) The golden shofar. Chaos, Solitons Fractals 26(3):677–684
Stakhov A, Rozin B (2006) Theory of Binet formulas for Fibonacci and Lucas \(p\)-numbers. Chaos Solitons Fractals 27(5):1162–1177
Stanica P (2005) Cholesky factorizations of matrices associated with \(r\)-order recurrent sequences. Integers Electron J Comb Number Theory 5(2):16
The on-line encyclopedia of integer sequences. http://oeis.org/
Yazlik Y, Taskara N (2012) A note on generalized \(k\)-Horadam sequence. Comput Math Appl 63(1):36–41
Zhang Z, Wang X (2007) A factorization of the symmetric Pascal matrix involving the Fibonacci matrix. Discrete Appl Math 155(17):2371–2376
Zhou T, Shen J, Li X, Wang C, Tan H (2020) Logarithmic encryption scheme for cyber-physical systems employing Fibonacci \(q\)-matrix. Future Gener Comput Syst 108:1307–1313
Funding
The author did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The author has no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Köme, C. Factorizations and eigenvalues of the (r, k)-bonacci matrices. Comp. Appl. Math. 42, 185 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40314-023-02331-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40314-023-02331-9