Abstract
This paper evaluates the impact of including the frequency-dependent behavior of grounding systems on the lightning performance of transmission lines and on their grounding systems design. The developed overvoltages through the insulator strings and the backflashover rates of a typical 138 kV transmission line are estimated, while the tower-grounding system is represented by two different models, namely: (i) a static model, consisting of a lumped resistance with value equal to the low-frequency grounding resistance, (ii) an impulse impedance model (based on the accurate HEM—Hybrid Electromagnetic Model). A method is proposed to define the length of the counterpoise wires of the transmission line as a function of the soil resistivity. The criterion used was to limit the value of the impulse impedance to 20 Ω which is similar to that adopted by Brazilian power utilities, although they usually adopt this value for the low-frequency resistance of grounding, thus disregarding its frequency-dependent characteristics. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that disregarding the frequency-dependent effect of transmission line grounding leads to errors in estimating their lightning performance. It was also found that by using a more sophisticated modeling for grounding, it would be possible to optimize the design of transmission line grounding systems, reducing the length of the counterpoise wires, therefore resulting in supply and labor gains.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akbari, M., Sheshyekani, K., & Alemi, M. R. (2013). The effect of frequency dependence of soil electrical parameters on the lightning performance of grounding systems. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 55(4), 739–746. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEMC.2012.2222416
Alipio, R., et al. (2019). A comprehensive analysis of the effect of frequency-dependent soil electrical parameters on the lightning response of wind-turbine grounding systems. Electric Power Systems Research, 175, 105927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2019.105927
Alipio, R., & Visacro, S. (2013). Frequency dependence of soil parameters: effect on the lightning response of grounding electrodes. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 55(1), 132–139. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEMC.2012.2210227
Alipio, R., & Visacro, S. (2014a). Impulse efficiency of grounding electrodes: effect of frequency-dependent soil parameters. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 29(2), 716–723. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2013.2278817
Alipio, R., & Visacro, S. (2014b). Modeling the frequency dependence of electrical parameters of soil. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 56(5), 1163–1171. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEMC.2014.2313977
Berger, K., Anderson, R. B., & Kroninger, H. (1975). Parameters of lightning flashes. Electra, 80, 223–237.
Brazilian National Electrical System Operator, O. (2013). Guidelines for the development of basic projects for transmission lines (in portuguese). Rio de Janeiro.
Cavka, D., Mora, N., & Rachidi, F. (2014). A comparison of frequency-dependent soil models: application to the analysis of grounding systems. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 56(1), 177–187. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEMC.2013.2271913
De Conti, A., et al. (2006). Revision, extension, and validation of jordan’s formula to calculate the surge impedance of vertical conductors. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 48(3), 530–536. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEMC.2006.879345
De Conti, A., & Visacro, S. (2007). Analytical representation of single- and double-peaked lightning current waveforms. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 49(2), 448–451. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEMC.2007.897153
Datsios, Z. G., Mikropoulos, P. N., & Tsovilis, T. E. (2021). Closed-form expressions for the estimation of the minimum backflashover current of overhead transmission lines. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 36(2), 522–532. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2020.2984423
EMTP User Group (1987) Alternative Transients Program (ATP): Rule Book. Edited by Leuven EMTP Center. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven EMTP Center.
Grcev, L. (2009). Impulse efficiency of ground electrodes. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 24(1), 441–451. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2008.923396
Gupta, B. R. and Thapar. (1978). Impulse impedance of grounding systems. In IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Summer Meeting, pp. 1–6.
Hileman, A. R. (1999). Insulation coordination for power systems (1st ed.). CRC Press.
IEEE Std 1243-1997 (1997) IEEE guide for improving the lightning performance of transmission lines. New York.
Marti, J. (1982). Accurate modelling of frequency-dependent transmission lines in electromagnetic transient simulations. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, PAS-101(1), 147–157. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAS.1982.317332
Silveira, F. H., & Visacro, S. (2019). Lightning parameters of a tropical region for engineering application: Statistics of 51 Flashes measured at Morro do Cachimbo and expressions for peak current distributions. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEMC.2019.2926665
Takami, J., & Okabe, S. (2007). Observational results of lightning current on transmission towers. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 22(1), 547–556. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2006.883006
Visacro, S., et al. (2011). The response of grounding electrodes to lightning currents: The effect of frequency-dependent soil resistivity and permittivity. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 53(2), 401–406. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEMC.2011.2106790
Visacro, S., et al. (2015). Lightning Response of grounding grids: Simulated and experimental results. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 57(1), 121–127. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEMC.2014.2362091
Visacro, S., & Silveira, F. H. (2015). The impact of the frequency dependence of soil parameters on the lightning performance of transmission lines. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 57(3), 434–441. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEMC.2014.2384029
Visacro, S., & Silveira, F. H. (2016). Lightning performance of transmission lines: Requirements of tower-footing electrodes consisting of long counterpoise wires. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 31(4), 1524–1532. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2015.2494520
Visacro, S., & Soares, A. (2005). HEM: A model for simulation of lightning-related engineering problems. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 20(2), 1206–1208. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2004.839743
Working Group 01 (Lightning) - Study Committee 33 (Overvoltages and Insulation Coordination) (1991) CIGRE TB 63: Guide to procedures for estimating the lightning performance of transmission lines. Paris.
Working Group C4.23 (2021) CIGRE TB 839: Procedures for estimating the lightning performance of transmission lines: New aspects. Paris.
Working Group C4.33 (2019) Impact of soil-parameter frequency dependence on the response of grounding electrodes and on the lightning performance of electrical systems (WG C4.3). CIGRE.
Working Group C4.407 (2013) CIGRE TB 549: Lightning parameters for engineering applications. Paris: CIGRE.
Acknowledgements
Rafael Alipio would like to thank the financial support of the Brazilian agency CNPq (National Council for Scientific and Technological Development), Grant 312763/2018-2.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Vasconcellos, F., Alípio, R. & Moreira, F. Evaluation of the Impact of Including the Frequency-Dependent Behavior of Grounding Systems on the Lightning Performance of Transmission Lines and on Grounding Systems Design. J Control Autom Electr Syst 33, 531–540 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40313-021-00833-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40313-021-00833-7