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The Role of Oxidative, Inflammatory and Neuroendocrinological Systems During Exercise Stress in Athletes: Implications of Antioxidant Supplementation on Physiological Adaptation During Intensified Physical Training

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Abstract

During periods of intensified physical training, reactive oxygen species (ROS) release may exceed the protective capacity of the antioxidant system and lead to dysregulation within the inflammatory and neuroendocrinological systems. Consequently, the efficacy of exogenous antioxidant supplementation to maintain the oxidative balance in states of exercise stress has been widely investigated. The aim of this review was to (1) collate the findings of prior research on the effect of intensive physical training on oxidant–antioxidant balance; (2) summarise the influence of antioxidant supplementation on the reduction-oxidation signalling pathways involved in physiological adaptation; and (3) provide a synopsis on the interactions between the oxidative, inflammatory and neuroendocrinological response to exercise stimuli. Based on prior research, it is evident that ROS are an underlying aetiology in the adaptive process; however, the impact of antioxidant supplementation on physiological adaptation remains unclear. Equivocal results have been reported on the impact of antioxidant supplementation on exercise-induced gene expression. Further research is required to establish whether the interference of antioxidant supplementation consistently observed in animal-based and in vivo research extends to a practical sports setting. Moreover, the varied results reported within the literature may be due to the hormetic response of oxidative, inflammatory and neuroendocrinological systems to an exercise stimulus. The collective findings suggest that intensified physical training places substantial stress on the body, which can manifest as an adaptive or maladaptive physiological response. Additional research is required to determine the efficacy of antioxidant supplementation to minimise exercise-stress during intensive training and promote an adaptive state.

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Acknowledgments

No funding or sponsorship was provided for the preparation of this manuscript. Katie Slattery, David Bentley and Aaron Coutts have no conflicts of interest. All authors contributed fully to the preparation of this manuscript. All human and animal studies have been approved by the appropriate Ethics Committee and have therefore been performed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration. All participants provided informed consent prior to inclusion in the study.

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  1. Sport and Exercise Discipline Group, Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Katie Slattery & Aaron J. Coutts

  2. Human Exercise Performance Laboratory, School of Medical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia

    David Bentley

  3. NSW Institute of Sport, PO Box 476, Sydney Olympic Park, NSW, 2127, Australia

    Katie Slattery

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Slattery, K., Bentley, D. & Coutts, A.J. The Role of Oxidative, Inflammatory and Neuroendocrinological Systems During Exercise Stress in Athletes: Implications of Antioxidant Supplementation on Physiological Adaptation During Intensified Physical Training. Sports Med 45, 453–471 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0282-7

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