Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Sub-nanomaterials for Photo/Electro-catalytic CO2 Reduction: Achievements, Challenges, and Opportunities

  • Review
  • Published:
Chemical Research in Chinese Universities Aims and scope

Abstract

With the increasing dilemma of energy crisis and climate change caused by excessive greenhouse gas emissions, it is an effective way to design low-cost and efficient catalysts to recycle CO2 into value-added chemicals and fuels to solve these problems. Downsizing catalysts close to a single crystal cell, sub-nanomaterials(SNMs) show unique size-dependent properties and great potential applications in CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) compared with conventional nanomaterials. In this review, basic principles of CO2RR and brief classification of SNMs are elucidated. Then, recent advances of SNMs in photo/electrocatalytic CO2 reduction are comprehensively summarized. Finally, the current challenges and future outlooks are emphasized to pave the development of CO2RR on SNMs. It is anticipated that this review would provide new insights to this unique scale and guided information on rational construction of SNMs for photo/electrocatalytic CO2RR.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Intasian P., Prakinee K., Phintha A., Trisrivirat D., Weeranoppanant N., Wongnate T., Chaiyen P., Chem. Rev., 2021, 121(17), 10367

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Xu S., Carter E. A., Chem. Rev., 2021, 119(11), 6631

    Google Scholar 

  3. Yang Y., Louisia S., Yu S., Jin J., Roh I., Chen C., Guzman M. V. F., Feijóo J., Chen P., Wang H., Pollock C. J., Huang X., Shao Y. T., Wang C., Muller D. A., Abruna H. D., Yang P., Nature, 2023, 614, 262

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Li X., Yu J. G., Jaroniec M., Chen X. B., Chem. Rev., 2019, 119(6), 3962

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Li Z., Mao C., Pei Q., Duchesne P. N., He T., Xia M., Wang J., Wang L., Song R., Jelle A. A., Meira D. M., Ge Q., Ghuman K. K., He L., Zhang X., Ozin A.G., Nat. Commun., 2022, 13, 7205

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Zhu Y, Gao Z., Zhang Z., Lin T., Zhang Q., Liu H., Gu L., Hu W., Nano Res., 2022, 15, 7861

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Yang C., Zhu Y., Liu J., Qin Y., Wang H., Liu H., Chen Y., Zhang Z., Hu W., Nano Energy, 2020, 77, 105126

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Zhou X., Liu H., Xia B., Ostrikov K. K., Zheng Y, Qiao S., SmartMat, 2022, 3(1), 111

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Yuan L., Qi M., Tang Z., Xu Y., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2021, 60(39), 21150

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Yao S., He J., Gao F., Wang H., Lin J., Bai Y., Fang J., Zhu F., Huang F., Wang M., J. Mater. Chem. A, 2023, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ta09234d

  11. Miao T., Di X., Hao F., Zheng G., Han Q., Chem. Res. Chinese Universities, 2022, 38(5), 1197

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Shi Y., Hou M., Li J., Li L., Zhang Z., Acta Phys.-Chim. Sin., 2022, 38, 2206020

    Google Scholar 

  13. Yu L., Huang X., Zhang X., Zhang Z., Acta Phys.-Chim. Sin., 2022, 38(6), 7

    Google Scholar 

  14. Ross M. B., Luna P. D., Li Y., Dinh C.-T., Kim D., Yang P., Sargent E. H., Nat. Catal., 2019, 2, 648

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Arán-Ais R. M., Scholten F., Kunze S., Rizo R., Cuenya B. R., Nat. Energy, 2020, 5, 317

    Google Scholar 

  16. Li D., Yang K., Lian J., Yan J., Liu S., Adv. Energy Mater., 2022, 12(31), 2201070

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Deng X., Li R., Wu S., Wang L., Hu J., Ma J., Jiang W., Zhang N., Zheng X., Gao C., Wang L., Zhang Q., Zhu J., Xiong Y., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2019, 141(27), 10924

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Nakajima T., Tamaki Y, Ueno K., Kato E., Nishikawa T., Ohkubo K., Yamazaki Y, Morimoto T., Ishitani O., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2016, 138(42), 13818

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Fan K, Sun Y., Xu P., Guo J., Li Z., Shao M., Chem. Res. Chinese Universities, 2022, 38(5), 1185

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Li J., Sun Y., Zhang Z., SmartMat, 2023, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/smm2.1209

  21. Qiu N., Li J., Wang H., Zhang Z., Sci. China Mater., 2022, 65(12), 3302

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Wan S., Wu J., Wang D., Liu H., Zhang Z., Ma J., Wang C., Chin. Chem. Lett., 2021, 32(2), 816

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Kistler T. A., Um M. Y., Cooper J. K., Sharp I. D., Agbo P., Adv. Energy Mater., 2021, 11(21), 2100070

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Chang X., Wang T., Yang P., Zhang G., Gong J., Adv. Mater., 2019, 31(31), 1804710

    Google Scholar 

  25. Xin Z., Gao Y., Gao Y., Song H., Zhao J., Fan F., Xia A., Li X., Tung C., Wu L., Adv. Mater., 2022, 34(3), 2106662

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Zhang B., Zhang J., Duan R., Wan Q., Tan X., Su Z., Han B., Zheng L., Mo G., Nano Energy, 2020, 78, 105340

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Mariano R. G., McKelvey K., White H. S., Kanan M. W., Science, 2017, 358(6367), 1187

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Ni B., Shi Y, Wang X., Adv. Mater., 2018, 30(43), 1802031

    Google Scholar 

  29. Ni B., Wang X., Chem. Sci., 2016, 7, 3978

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Ahmad T., Liu S., Sajid M., Li K., Ali M., Liu L., Chen W., Nano Res. Energy, 2022, 1(2), e9120021

    Google Scholar 

  31. Gao Z., Li J., Zhang Z., Hu W., Chin. Chem. Lett., 2022, 33(5), 2270

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Yan Z. H., Du M. H., Liu J., Jin S., Wang C., Zhuang G. L., Kong X. J., Sheng L. L., Zheng L. S., Nat. Commun., 2018, 9, 3353

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Fang L., Seifert S., Winans R. E., Li T., Small Methods, 2021, 5(5), 2001194

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Hori Y., Kikuchi K., Suzuki S., Chem. Lett., 1985, 14(11), 1695

    Google Scholar 

  35. Birdja Y. Y., Gallent E. P., Figueiredo M. C., Göttle A. J., Vallejo F. C., Koper M. T. M., Nat. Energy, 2019, 4, 732

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Fujishima A., Honda K., Nature, 1972, 238(5358), 37

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Penfold T. J., Szlachetko J., Santomauro F. G., Britz A., Gawelda W., Doumy G., March A. M., Southworth S. H., Rittmann J., Abela R., Chergui M., Milne C., Nat. Commun., 2018, 9(1), 478

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Zhao G., Hu J., Long X., Zou J., Gang Y., Jiao F., Small, 2021, 17(49), 2102155

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Halmann M., Nature, 1978, 275(5676), 115

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Zhang W., Jin Z., Chen Z., Adv Sci., 2022, 9(9), e2105204

    Google Scholar 

  41. Gao C., Low J., Long R., Kong T., Zhu J., Xiong Y., Chem. Rev., 2020, 120(21), 12175

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Liu D., Wan X., Kong T., Han W., Xiong Y., J. Mater. Chem. A, 2022, 10(11), 5878

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Yang X., Tat T., Libanori A., Cheng J., Xuan X., Liu N., Yang X., Zhou J., Nashalian A., Chen J., Mater. Today, 2021, 45, 54

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Liang Z., Song L., Sun M., Huang B., Du Y., Sci. Adv., 2021, 7(47), eabl4915

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Qiao B., Wang A., Yang X., Allard L. F., Jiang Z., Cui Y., Liu J., Zhang T., Nat. Chem., 2011, 3(8), 634

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Pan Y., Lin R., Chen Y., Liu S., Zhu W., Cao X., Chen W., Wu K., Cheong W. C., Wang Y., Zheng L., Luo J., Lin Y., Liu Y., Liu C., Li J., Lu Q., Chen X., Wang D., Peng Q., Chen C., Li Y., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2018, 140(12), 4218

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Huang P., Cheng M., Zhang H., Zuo M., Xiao C., Xie Y., Nano Energy, 2019, 61, 428

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Yang F., Song P., Liu X., Mei B., Xing W., Jiang Z., Gu L., Xu W., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2018, 130(38), 12483

    Google Scholar 

  49. Chen S., Zhang Z., Jiang W., Zhang S., Zhu J., Wang L., Ou H., Zaman S., Tan L., Zhu P., Zhang E., Jiang P., Su Y., Wang D., Li Y., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2022, 144(28), 12807

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Gao C., Chen S., Wang Y., Wang J., Zheng X., Zhu J., Song L. Zhang W., Xiong Y., Adv. Mater., 2018, 30(13), 1704624

    Google Scholar 

  51. Li X., Yang X., Huang Y., Zhang T., Liu B., Adv. Mater., 2019, 31(50), 1902031

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Gao C., Low J., Long R., Kong T., Zhu J., Xiong Y., Chem. Rev., 2020, 120(21), 12175

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Yan Q., Wu D., Chu S., Chen Z., Lin Y., Chen M., Zhang J., Wu X., Liang H., Nat. Commun., 2019, 10(1), 4977

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Zhu W., Wu Z., Foo G., Gao X., Zhou M., Liu B, Veith G., Wu P., Browning K., Lee H., Li H., Dai S., Zhu H., Nat. Commun., 2017, 8, 15291

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Cao Y., Guo L., Dan M., Doronkin D. E., Han C., Rao Z., Liu Y., Meng J., Huang Z., Zheng K., Chen P., Dong F., Zhou Y., Nat. Commun., 2021, 12(1), 1675

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Shen J., Li Y., Zhao H., Pan K., Li X., Qu Y., Wang G., Wang D., Nano Res., 2019, 12, 1931

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Han Z., Zhao Y, Gao G., Zhang W., Qu Y., Zhu H., Zhu P., Wang G., Small, 2021, 17(26), 2102089

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Kou M., Liu W., Wang Y., Huang J., Chen Y., Zhou Y., Chen Y., Ma M., Lei K., Xie H., Wong P. K., Ye L., Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 2021, 291, 120146

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Yang D., Yu H., He T., Zuo S., Liu X., Yang H., Ni B., Li H., Gu L., Wang D., Wang X., Nat. Commun., 2019, 70(1), 3844

    Google Scholar 

  60. Wang T., Guo L., Pei H., Chen S., Li R., Zhang J., Peng T., Small, 2021, 77(45), 2102957

    Google Scholar 

  61. Novoselov K. S., Geim A. K., Morozov S. V., Jiang D., Zhang Y, Dubonos S. V., Grigorieva I. V., Firsov A. A., Science, 2004, 306(5696), 666

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Plana D., Montano J. F., Celorrio V., Pastor V., Fermin D. J., Chem. Commun., 2013, 49(93), 10962

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Asadi M., Kumar B., Behranginia A., Rosen B. A., Baskin A., Repnin N., Pisasale D., Phillips P., Zhu W., Haasch R., Klie R. F., Kral P., Abiade J., Khojin A. S., Nat. Commun., 2014, 5(1), 4470

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Gao S., Jiao X., Sun Z., Zhang W., Sun Y, Wang C., Hu Q., Zu X., Yang F., Yang S., Liang L., Wu J., Xie J., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2016, 55(2), 698

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Furukawa H., Cordova K. E., Keeffe M. O., Yaghi O. M., Science, 2013, 347(6149), 1230444

    Google Scholar 

  66. Zhang X. D., Hou S. Z., Wu J. X., Gu Z. Y., Chem. Eur. J., 2020, 26(7), 1604

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Zhu H. J., Lu M., Wang Y. R., Yao S. J., Zhang M. Kan Y. H., Liu J., Chen Y, Li S. L., Lan Y. Q., Nat. Commun., 2020, 77(1), 497

    Google Scholar 

  68. Wang X., He J., Li J., Lu G., Dong F., Majima T., Zhu M., Appl. Catal. B-Environ., 2020, 277, 119230

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Wang Z., Xu S. M., Tan L., Liu G., Shen T., Yu C., Wang H., Tao Y., Cao X., Zhao Y, Song Y. F., Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 2020, 270, 118884

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Hao X., Tan L., Xu Y., Wang Z., Wang X., Bai S., Ning C., Zhao J., Zhao Y., Song Y. F., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2020, 59(7), 3008

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Hao Y, Chen L., Li J., Guo Y, Su S., Shu M., Zhang Q., Gao W., Li S., Yu Z., Gu L., Feng X., Yin A., Si R., Zhang Y, Wang B., Yan C., Nat. Commun., 2021, 72, 2682

    Google Scholar 

  72. Xiang Y., Dong W., Wang P., Wang S., Ding X., Ichihara F., Wang Z., Wada Y. Jin S., Weng Y., Chen H., Ye J., Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 2020, 274, 119096

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Gong Y. N., Zhong W., Li Y., Qiu Y., Zheng L., Jiang J., Jiang H. L., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2020, 742(39), 16723

    Google Scholar 

  74. Wang X., Fu Y., Tranca D., Jiang K., Zhu J., Zhang J., Han S., Ke C., Lu C., Zhuang X., ACS Appl. Energy Mater., 2021, 4(3), 2891

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Lin C. C., Liu T. R., Lin S. R., Boopathi K. M., Chiang C. H., Tzeng W. Y., Chien W. H. C., Hsu H. S., Luo C. W., Tsai H. Y., Chen H. A., Kuo P. C., Shiue J., Chiou J. W., Pong W. F., Chen C. C., Chen C. W., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2022, 744(34), 15718

    Google Scholar 

  76. Zeng G., Qiu J., Li Z., Pavaskar P., Cronin S. B., ACS Catal., 2014, 4(10), 3512

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Xu Y., Jia Y., Zhang Y., Nie R., Zhu Z., Wang J., Jing H., Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 2017, 205, 254

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Jiang X. X., Hu X. D., Tarek M., Saravanan P., Alqadhi R., Chin S. Y., Khan M. M. R., J. CO2Util., 2020, 40, 101222

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Wang J., Wei Y, Yang B., Wang B., Chen J., Jing H., J. Catal., 2019, 377, 209

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Hu S., Liu H., Wang P., Wang X., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2013, 735(30), 11115

    Google Scholar 

  81. Cai X., Li G., Hu W., Zhu Y., ACS Catal., 2020, 72(17), 10638

    Google Scholar 

  82. Chakraborty I., Pradeep T., Chem. Rev., 2017, 777(12), 8208

    Google Scholar 

  83. Zhang B., Chen Y., Wang J., Pan H., Sun W., Adv. Funct. Mater., 2022, 32(24), 2202227

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Kauffman D. R., Alfonso D., Matranga C., Qian C., Jin R., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2012, 734(24), 10237

    Google Scholar 

  85. Mi H. C., Yi C., Gao M. R., Yu M. R., Liu S., Luo J. L., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2022, 74(38), 43257

    Google Scholar 

  86. Yang D., Pei W., Zhou S., Zhao J., Ding W., Zhu Y., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2020, 59(5), 1919

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Liu C., Yang B., Tyo E., Seifert S., DeBartolo J., Issendorff B. V., Zapol P., Vajda S., Curtiss L. A., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2015, 737(27), 8676

    Google Scholar 

  88. Rong W., Zou H., Zang W., Xi S., Wei S., Long B., Hu J., Ji Y, Duan L., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2021, 60(1), 466

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Hu Q., Han Z., Wang X., Li G., Wang Z., Huang X., Yang H., Ren X., Zhang Q., Liu J., He C., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2020, 59(43), 19054

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Zhang H., Yang Y, Liang Y, Li J., Zhang A., Zheng H., Geng Z., Li F., Zeng J., ChemSusChem, 2022, 75(1), 43257

    Google Scholar 

  91. Li S., Nagarajan A. V., Li Y., Kauffman Y., Mpourmpakis G., Jin R., Nanoscale, 2021, 73(4), 2333

    Google Scholar 

  92. Li S., Alfonso D., Nagarajan A. V., House S. D., Yang J. C. Kauffman D. R., Mpourmpakis G., Jin R., ACS Catal., 2020, 70(20), 12011

    Google Scholar 

  93. Seong H., Choi M., Park S., Kim H. W. Kim J., Kim W., Yoo J. S., Dongil L., ACS Energy Lett., 2022, 7(12), 4177

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Li Y., Yang Y, Chen G., Fan J., Xiang Q., Rare Met., 2022, 47(1), 3045

    Google Scholar 

  95. Cui X., Wang J., Liu B., Ling S., Long R., Xiong Y., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2018, 740(48), 16514

    Google Scholar 

  96. Tian J., Zhong K., Zhu X., Yang J., Mo Z., Liu J., Dai J., She Y., Song Y., Li H., Xu H., Chem. Eng. J., 2023, 457(2), 138392

    Google Scholar 

  97. Yao S., Sun B. Q., Zhang P., Tian Z. Y., Yin H. Q., Zhang Z. M., Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 2022, 377, 121702

    Google Scholar 

  98. Tang Y., Jia X., Guo Y., Geng Z., Wang C., Liu L., Zhang J., Guo W., Tan X., Yu T., Ye J., Adv. Energy Mater., 2023, 73(14), 2203827

    Google Scholar 

  99. Jiang Y, Yu Y, Zhang X., Weinert M., Song X., Ai J., Han L., Fei H., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2021, 60(43), 17388

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Dai S., Tissot A., Serre C., Adv. Energy Mater., 2022, 72(4), 2100061

    Google Scholar 

  101. Dai S., Kajiwara T., Ikeda M., Romero-Muniz I., Gilles P., Platero-Prats A., Vimont A., Daturi M., Tissot A., Xu Q., Serre C., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2022, 67(43), e202211848

    Google Scholar 

  102. Xu J., Zhu X., Xia S., Liu Y., Kan C., Shi D., J. Mater. Chem. A, 2022, 70(48), 25431

    Google Scholar 

  103. Cao L., Raciti D., Li C., Livi K. J. T., Rottmann P. F., Hemker K. J., Mueller T., Wang C., ACS Catal., 2017, 7(12), 8578

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Zhu W., Zhang Y. J., Zhang H., Lv H., Li Q., Michalsky R., Peterson A. A., Sun S., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2014, 736(46), 16132

    Google Scholar 

  105. Zhu S., Wang Q., Qin X., Gu M., Tao R., Lee B. P., Zhang L., Yao Y, Li T., Shao M., Adv. Energy Mater., 2018, 32(8), 1802238

    Google Scholar 

  106. Han N., Sun M., Zhou Y., Xu J., Cheng C., Zhou R., Zhang L., Luo J., Huang B., Li Y., Adv. Mater., 2021, 33(4), 2005821

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Cheng X., Zhang S., Wang X., Nano Lett., 2021, 27(23), 9845

    Google Scholar 

  108. Zhang S., Lu Q., Yu B., Cheng X., Zhuang J., Wang X., Adv. Funct. Mater., 2021, 37(20), 2100703

    Google Scholar 

  109. Yang D., Zuo S., Yang H., Wang X., Adv. Energy Mater., 2021, 77(16), 2100272

    Google Scholar 

  110. Liu J., Li Y., Chen Z., Liu N., Zheng L., Shi W., Wang X., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2021, 77(4), 2006260

    Google Scholar 

  111. Li C. F., Guo R. T., Wu T., Pan W. G., Nanoscale, 2022, 74(7), 16033

    Google Scholar 

  112. Yang H., Yang D., Wang X., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2020, 59(36), 15527

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Li J., Pan W., Liu Q., Chen Z., Chen Z., Feng X., Chen H., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2021, 743(17), 6551

    Google Scholar 

  114. Niu H., Xia C., Huang L., Zaman S., Maiyalagan T., Guo W., You B., Xia B., Chin. J. Catal., 2022, 43(6), 1459

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Chen H., Zhou Y, Guo W., Yu X. B., Chin. Chem. Lett., 2022, 33, 1831

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Fang W., Huang L., Zaman S., Wang Z., Han Y., Xia B., Chem. Res. Chinese Universities, 2020, 36(4), 611

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Gong L., Yang H., Wang H., Qi R., Wang J., Chen S., You B., Dong Z., Liu H., Xia B. Y., Nano Res., 2021, 74(12), 4528

    Google Scholar 

  118. Huang L., Zaman S., Wang Z., Niu H., You B., Xia B. Y., Acta Phys.-Chim. Sin., 2021, 37(9), 2009035

    Google Scholar 

  119. Liu H., Zhang F., Wang H., Xue J., Guo Y., Qian Q., Zhang G., Energy Environ. Sci., 2021, 74(10), 5339

    Google Scholar 

  120. Zhang H., Wang Y., Zuo S., Zhou W., Zhang J., Lou X. W., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2021, 743(5), 2173

    Google Scholar 

  121. Zhao Z., Liu Z., Wang T., Teng F., Wenjun J., Li J., Zhang Z., Yang Y., J. Mater. Chem. A, 2022, 70(6), 2924

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.22071172).

Author information

Author notes

  1. These authors contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China

    Xinyi Wang, Zhenwei Zhao, Kiran Zahra, Junjun Li & Zhicheng Zhang

Authors
  1. Xinyi Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Zhenwei Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kiran Zahra
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Junjun Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Zhicheng Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zhicheng Zhang.

Additional information

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wang, X., Zhao, Z., Zahra, K. et al. Sub-nanomaterials for Photo/Electro-catalytic CO2 Reduction: Achievements, Challenges, and Opportunities. Chem. Res. Chin. Univ. 39, 580–598 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40242-023-3123-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40242-023-3123-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation