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Long-term exposure to air pollution on cardio-respiratory, and lung cancer mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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Abstract

Air pollution is a major cause of specific deaths worldwide. This review article aimed to investigate the results of cohort studies for air pollution connected with the all-cause, cardio-respiratory, and lung cancer mortality risk by performing a meta-analysis. Relevant cohort studies were searched in electronic databases (PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus). We used a random effect model to estimate the pooled relative risks (RRs) and their 95% CIs (confidence intervals) of mortality. The risk of bias for each included study was also assessed by Office of Health Assessment and Translation (OHAT) checklists. We applied statistical tests for heterogeneity and sensitivity analyses. The registration code of this study in PROSPERO was CRD42023422945. A total of 88 cohort studies were eligible and included in the final analysis. The pooled relative risk (RR) per 10 μg/m3 increase of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was 1.080 (95% CI 1.068–1.092) for all-cause mortality, 1.058 (95% CI 1.055–1.062) for cardiovascular mortality, 1.066 (95%CI 1.034–1.097) for respiratory mortality and 1.118 (95% CI 1.076–1.159) for lung cancer mortality. We observed positive increased associations between exposure to PM2.5, PM10, black carbon (BC), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) with all-cause, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, and lung cancer mortality, but the associations were not significant for nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and ozone (O3). The risk of mortality for males and the elderly was higher compared to females and younger age. The pooled effect estimates derived from cohort studies provide substantial evidence of adverse air pollution associations with all-cause, cardiovascular, respiratory, and lung cancer mortality.

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Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

This research was financially supported by Arak University of medical sciences, Arak, Iran. The authors would like to thank the staff of the Department of Environment Health, Arak University of medical sciences, Iran, for their collaboration in this research.

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This study was financially supported by the Arak University of medical sciences, Arak, Iran.

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  1. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran

    Behrooz Karimi

  2. Department of Occupational Health and safety, School of Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran

    Sadegh Samadi

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B.K. and S.S. conceived of the presented idea, designed the study, participated in the data collection and wrote the main manuscript. B.K. performed the statistical analysis and assisted in the data collection and approved the final version. All authors discussed the results, reviewed the paper and contributed to the final manuscript. Corresponding Author: Behrooz Karimi. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Karimi, B., Samadi, S. Long-term exposure to air pollution on cardio-respiratory, and lung cancer mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Environ Health Sci Engineer (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-024-00900-6

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