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Impact of soil treatment with Nitrilo Triacetic Acid (NTA) on Cd fractionation and microbial biomass in cultivated and uncultivated calcareous soil

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Abstract

Purpose

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) on cadmium (Cd) fractions and microbial biomass in a calcareous soil spiked with Cd under cultivated (Zea mays L.) and uncultivated regime subject to soil leaching condition. Expanding investigations related to soil–plant interactions on metal-contaminated soils with insights on microbial activity and associated soil toxicity perspective provides novel perspectives on using metal-chelating agents for soil remediation.

Methods

The experimental factors were three levels of Cd contamination (0, 25, and 50 mg kg−1 soil) and three levels of NTA (0, 15, and 30 mmol L−1) in loamy soil under maize-cultured and non-cultured conditions. During the experiment, the adding NTA and leaching processes were performed three times.

Results

The results showed that the amount of leached Cd decreased in cultivated soil compared to uncultivated soil due to partial uptake of soluble Cd by plant roots and changes in Cd fractions in soil, so that Cd leached in Cd50NTA30 was 9.2 and 6.1 mg L−1, respectively, in uncultivated and cultivated soils. Also, Cd leached in Cd25NTA30 was 5.7 and 3.1 mg L−1 respectively, in uncultivated and cultivated soils. The best treatment in terms of chemical and microbial characteristics of the soil with the high percentage of Cd removed from the soil was Cd25NTA30 in cultivated soil. In Cd25NTA30 compared to Cd25NTA0 in cultivated soil, pH (0.25 unit), microbial biomass carbon (MBC, 65.0 mg kg−1), and soil respiration (27.5 mg C-CO2 kg−1 24 h−1) decreased, while metabolic quotient (qCO2, 0.05) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC, 20.0 mg L−1) increased. Moreover, the changes of Cd fractions in Cd25NTA30 in cultivated soil compared to uncultivated soil were as follows; the exchangeable Cd (F1, 0.27 mg kg−1) and Fe/Mn-oxide-bounded Cd (F4, 0.15 mg kg−1) fractions increased, in contrast, carbonate-Cd (F2, 2.67 mg kg−1) and, organically bounded Cd (F3, 0.06 mg kg−1) fractions decreased. NTA had no significant effect on the residual fraction (F5).

Conclusion

The use of NTA, especially in calcareous soils, where most of the Cd is bound to calcium carbonate, was able to successfully convert insoluble fractions of Cd into soluble forms and increase the removal efficiency of Cd in the phytoremediation method. NTA is a non-toxic chelating agent to improve the accumulation of Cd in maize.

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Data availability

The data and materials will be available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors appreciate the financial and scientific support of the Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran (Grant No. SCU.AS99.692). The authors also acknowledge the scientific support of the Ghent University of Belgium and the University of Kalyani of India.

Funding

This study was funded by the Research Vice Chancellor of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran (Grant No. SCU.AS99.692).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

    Narges Mehrab, Mostafa Chorom & Mojtaba Norouzi Masir

  2. Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

    Narges Mehrab, Marcella Fernandes de Souza & Erik Meers

  3. Department of Ecological Studies, and International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, West Bengal, India

    Jayanta Kumar Biswas

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  1. Narges Mehrab
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Contributions

[Narges Mehrab]: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Writing—Original Draft, Writing—Review & Editing, Project administration; [Mostafa Chorom]: Conceptualization, Resources, Writing—Review & Editing, Supervision, Project administration; [Mojtaba Norouzi Masir]: Writing—Review & Editing; [Jayanta Kumar Biswas]: Writing—Review & Editing; [Marcella Fernandes de Souza]: Writing—Review & Editing, improvement of quality of the manuscript's English language; [Erik Meers]: Writing—Review & Editing.

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Mehrab, N., Chorom, M., Norouzi Masir, M. et al. Impact of soil treatment with Nitrilo Triacetic Acid (NTA) on Cd fractionation and microbial biomass in cultivated and uncultivated calcareous soil. J Environ Health Sci Engineer 21, 319–332 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-023-00857-y

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