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The effects of L-carnitine supplementation on indicators of inflammation and oxidative stress: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

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Abstract

Objective

Several trials investigated the efficacy of L-carnitine administration on markers of inflammation and indicators of oxidative stress; however, their findings are controversial. The aim of this study was to conduct a comprehensive meta-analysis and a critical review, which would analyze all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in order to determine the effects of L-carnitine supplementation on inflammatory markers and oxidative stress.

Methods

An electronic search was performed using Scopus, Cochrane Library, PubMed, Google scholar and Web of Science databases on publications from 1990 up to May 2020. Human RCTs conducted in healthy subjects or participants with certain disorders which investigating the efficacy of L-carnitine supplementation compared to control (placebo, usual treatment or no intervention) on inflammation and oxidative markers were included. Data were pooled applying a random-effects model and as the overall effect size, weighted mean difference (WMD) was presented. Between heterogeneity among studies was computed using Cochran’s Q test and I-square (I2). Quality of studies assessed using the Jadad scale. Dose-response analysis was measured using meta-regression. The funnel plot, as well as the Egger’s regression test was applied to determine the publication bias.

Results

44 trials (reported 49 effect sizes for different outcomes of interest) met the inclusion criteria for this meta-analysis. According to the findings, L-carnitine supplementation resulted in a significant reduction in C-reactive protein (CRP) (WMD: -0.10; 95% CI: -0.14, -0.06), interleukin 6 (IL-6) (WMD: -1.87; 95% CI: -2.80, -0.95), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels (WMD: -1.43; 95% CI: -2.03, -0.84), and malondialdehyde (MDA) (WMD: -0.47; 95% CI: -0.76, -0.18) levels, while there was a significant increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) (WMD: 2.14; 95% CI: 1.02, 3.25). However, no significant effects of L-carnitine on glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (WMD: 0.02; 95% CI: -0.01, 0.05) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (WMD: 0.14; 95% CI: -0.05, 0.33) were found.

Conclusions

L-carnitine supplementation was associated with lowering of CRP, IL-6, TNF-α, and MDA, and increasing SOD levels, but did not affect other inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers.

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Data availability

The primary data for this study is available from the authors on direct request.

Abbreviations

CRP:

C-reactive protein

IL-6:

Interleukin-6

TNF-α:

Tumor Necrosis Factor-α

GPx:

Glutathione Peroxidase

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

TAC:

Total Antioxidant Capacity

GSH:

Glutathione

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

ROS:

Reactive Oxygen Species

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran

    Hadis Fathizadeh

  2. Students’ Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Alireza Milajerdi

  3. Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Alireza Milajerdi

  4. Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

    Željko Reiner

  5. Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran

    Elaheh Amirani & Zatollah Asemi

  6. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mohammad Ali Mansournia

  7. Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Research Center for Evidence-Based Health Management, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran

    Jamal Hallajzadeh

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HF, JH contributed in conception, design, statistical analysis and drafting of the manuscript. AM, RZ, EA, ZA and MAM contributed in data collection and manuscript drafting. All authors approved the final version for submission. JH supervised the study.

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Correspondence to Jamal Hallajzadeh.

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Fathizadeh, H., Milajerdi, A., Reiner, Ž. et al. The effects of L-carnitine supplementation on indicators of inflammation and oxidative stress: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Diabetes Metab Disord 19, 1879–1894 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40200-020-00627-9

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