Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) alloys for metal electroplating require a surface pretreatment, i.e., the removal of the spontaneously oxidized surface layer (MgO, Mg(OH)2, and MgCO3). However, the use of highly toxic and/or corrosive acids in conventional pretreatment processes has become an issue. In this study, a facile and less toxic pretreatment is demonstrated and applied in aluminum (Al) electroplating. The immersion of the AZ31 Mg alloy into acetic anhydride (Ac2O) removed the spontaneously oxidized surface layer and formed a thin but stable magnesium acetate (Mg(OAc)2) layer that protects the metal substrate from further oxidation. The Al electroplating bath is a concentrated diglyme (G2)-AlCl3 organic solution that can readily dissolve Mg(OAc)2 to enable direct plating onto a metal substrate. The as-deposited Al layer has a compact and crack-free morphology that improves the corrosion resistance and hardness (2.7 GPa). Owing to the lack of an interfacial oxidized layer, heat treatment led to the successful diffusion of Mg and Al atoms, which increased the hardness to 4.4 GPa. The Ac2O pretreatment of Mg alloys enables the successful Al electroplating and subsequent heat treatment.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Q.S. Dong, Y.Q. Jia, Z.X. Ba, X.W. Tao, Z.Z. Wang, F. Xue, J. Bai, J. Alloys Compd. 873, 159739 (2021)
M. Esmaily, J.E. Svensson, S. Fajardo, N. Birbilis, G.S. Frankel, S. Virtanen, R. Arrabal, S. Thomas, L.G. Johansson, Prog. Mater Sci. 89, 92 (2017)
X.T. Shi, Y. Wang, H.Y. Li, S.F. Zhang, R.F. Zhao, G.Q. Li, R.F. Zhang, Y. Sheng, S.Y. Cao, Y.J. Zhao, L.N. Xu, Y. Zhao, J. Alloys Compd. 823, 153721 (2020)
J.T. Qi, Z.H. Ye, N. Gong, X.L. Qu, D. Mercier, J. Swiatowska, P. Skeldon, P. Marcus, Corros. Sci. 186, 109459 (2021)
Z.W. Song, Z.H. Xie, L.F. Ding, Y.J. Zhang, X.Y. Hu, Colloids Surf. A 632, 127699 (2022)
R. Gan, D. Wang, Z.H. Xie, L. He, Corros. Sci. 123, 147 (2017)
G.L. Yang, Y.J. Ouyang, Z.H. Xie, Y. Liu, W.X. Dai, L. Wu, Appl. Surf. Sci. 558, 149840 (2021)
K.K. Maniam, S. Paul, Coatings 11, 80 (2021)
M. Onishi, H. Matsushima, M. Ueda, K. Washio, A. Kato, Electrochemistry 86, 66 (2018)
J. Zhang, Y. Li, X. Zhang, Y. Yu, S. Wang, Coatings 11, 46 (2021)
L. Chen, G. Wang, Y. He, Y. Wang, M. Zhang, Mater. Lett. 258, 126814 (2020)
C. Zhong, F. Liu, Y.T. Wu, J.J. Le, L. Liu, M.F. He, J.C. Zhu, W.B. Hu, J. Alloys Compd. 520, 11 (2012)
J.W. Tang, K. Azumi, Surf. Coat. Technol. 208, 1 (2012)
U.C. Nwaogu, C. Blawert, N. Scharnagl, W. Dietzel, K.U. Kainer, Corros. Sci. 52, 2143 (2010)
V.S. Muralidharan, K. Thangavel, K. Balakrishnan, K.S. Rajagopalan, Electrochim. Acta 29, 1003 (1984)
T. Shimose, A. Takamura, S. Segawa, Corros. Eng. 15, 49 (1966)
M. Miyake, H. Fujii, T. Hirato, Surf. Coat. Technol. 277, 160 (2015)
H.Y. Yang, X.W. Guo, G.H. Wu, W.J. Ding, N. Birbilis, Corros. Sci. 53, 381 (2011)
Z. Zhang, A. Kitada, S. Gao, K. Fukami, N. Tsuji, Z. Yao, K. Murase, A.C.S. Appl, Mater. Interfaces 12, 43289 (2020)
V. Fournier, P. Marcus, I. Olefjord, Surf. Interface Anal. 34, 494 (2002)
D. Tie, F. Feyerabend, N. Hort, R. Willumeit, D. Hoeche, Adv. Eng. Mater. 12, B699 (2010)
J. Richard, A. Benayad, J.F. Colin, S. Martinet, J. Phys. Chem. C 121, 17096 (2017)
K. Asami, S. Ono, J. Electrochem. Soc. 147, 1408 (2000)
S. Feliu, M.C. Merino, R. Arrabal, A.E. Coy, E. Matykina, Surf. Interface Anal. 41, 143 (2009)
M.A. Osipenko, D.S. Kharytonau, A.A. Kasach, J. Ryl, J. Adamiec, I.I. Kurilo, Electrochim. Acta 414, 140175 (2022)
J. Li, Y. Qiu, J. Yang, Y. Sheng, Y. Yi, X. Zeng, L. Chen, F. Yin, J. Su, T. Zhang, X. Tong, B. Guo, J. Mag. Alloy. (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2021.04.007
J.C. De Jesus, I. Gonzalez, A. Quevedo, T. Puerta, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 228, 283 (2005)
M. Santamaria, F. Di Quarto, S. Zanna, P. Marcus, Electrochim. Acta 53, 1314 (2007)
A. Le Febvrier, J. Jensen, P. Eklund, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 35, 021407 (2017)
Z.Y. Liu, T. Duchon, H.R. Wang, D.C. Grinter, I. Waluyo, J. Zhou, Q. Liu, B. Jeong, E.J. Crumlin, V. Matolin, D.J. Stacchiola, J.A. Rodriguez, S.D. Senanayake, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 18, 16621 (2016)
D.R. Mullins, S.D. Senanayake, T.L. Chen, J. Phys. Chem. C 114, 17112 (2010)
J.K. Chang, I.W. Sun, S.J. Pan, M.H. Chuang, M.J. Deng, W.T. Tsai, Trans. Inst. Met. Finish. 86, 227 (2008)
J.K. Chang, S.Y. Chen, W.T. Tsaia, M.J. Deng, I.W. Sun, J. Electrochem. Soc. 155, C112 (2008)
J.K. Chang, S.Y. Chen, W.T. Tsai, M.J. Deng, I.W. Sun, Electrochem. Commun. 9, 1602 (2007)
M.H. Chuang, J.K. Chang, P.J. Tsai, W.T. Tsai, M.J. Deng, I.W. Sun, Surf. Coat. Technol. 205, 200 (2010)
J.L. Murray, Bull. Alloy Phase Diagr. 3, 60 (1982)
H.Y. Bu, M. Yandouzi, C. Lu, B. Jodoin, Surf. Coat. Technol. 205, 4665 (2011)
K.R. Baldwin, R.I. Bates, R.D. Arnell, C.J.E. Smith, Corros. Sci. 38, 155 (1996)
B.G. Prakashaiah, D.V. Kumara, A.A. Pandith, A.N. Shetty, B.E.A. Rani, Corros. Sci. 136, 326 (2018)
H. Watanabe, T. Mukai, M. Sugioka, K. Ishikawa, Scr. Mater. 51, 291 (2004)
M.A. Surmeneva, A.I. Tyurin, T.M. Mukhametkaliyev, T.S. Pirozhkova, I.A. Shuvarin, M.S. Syrtanov, R.A. Surmenev, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 46, 127 (2015)
L. Zhang, T. Ohmura, S. Emura, N. Sekido, F.X. Yin, X.H. Min, K. Tsuzaki, J. Mater. Res. 24, 2917 (2009)
M.X. Zhang, H. Huang, K. Spencer, Y.N. Shi, Surf. Coat. Technol. 204, 2118 (2010)
J.E. Gray, B. Luan, J. Alloys Compd. 336, 88 (2002)
M. Hino, J. Surf. Finish. Soc. Jpn. 71, 205 (2020)
M. Hino, K. Murakami, T. Kanadani, J. Surf. Finish. Soc. Jpn. 64, 650 (2013)
K. Hara, J. Surf. Finish. Soc. Jpn. 62, 217 (2011)
A. Kitada, Y. Kang, Y. Uchimoto, K. Murase, J. Electrochem. Soc. 161, D102 (2014)
A. Kitada, Y. Kang, K. Matsumoto, K. Fukami, R. Hagiwara, K. Murase, J. Electrochem. Soc. 162, D389 (2015)
Acknowledgements
We thank Prof. N. Tsuji, Dr. S. Gao, and Mr. Y. Sonobayashi for their help with nanoindentation and XPS measurements. This work was financially supported by KAKENHI (No. 22K14508: Z. Z.; No. 19H02490 and No. 19K22056: A. K.; No. 20H05663: K. M.) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Author notes
Available online at http://link.springer.com/journal/40195.
- Kazuhiro Fukami
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors state that there are no conflicts of interest to disclose.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, Z., Kitada, A., Fukami, K. et al. Aluminum Electroplating on AZ31 Magnesium Alloy with Acetic Anhydride Pretreatment. Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.) 35, 1996–2006 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40195-022-01453-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40195-022-01453-z