Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Influence of calcium fluoride on underwater wet welding process stability

  • Research Paper
  • Published:
Welding in the World Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

To explore the influence of calcium fluoride on underwater wet welding process stability, the relevance of calcium fluoride in the flux to metal transfer mode and arc stability was discussed in the process of underwater wet welding using a set of wires with various calcium fluoride contents. The metal transfer images were obtained using X-ray imaging system and the electric signal detection system was used to collect arc voltage and welding current signals synchronized with the film frames. Three metal transfer modes, i.e., repelled globular transfer, surface tension transfer, and spatter-like metal droplet transfer, were observed during the underwater wet welding process. The spatter-like metal droplet transfer mode was put forward firstly. Increasing the contents of calcium fluoride in the wire from 0 to 65%, the proportion of surface tension transfer mode steadily climbed from approximately 15 to 40% while that of spatter-like metal droplet mode declined from 53 to 35%. The arc stability of the welding process firstly deteriorated and then ameliorated with the increasing calcium fluoride content.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Kralj S, Garašić I, Kožuh Z (2008) Diffusible hydrogen in underwater wet welding. Weld World 52:687–692

  2. Guo N, Du Y, Maksimov S, Feng J, Yin Z, Krazhanovskyi D, Fu Y (2017) Study of metal transfer control in underwater wet FCAW using pulsed wire feed method. Weld World 1:1–8

    Google Scholar 

  3. Çam G, İpekoğlu G (2017) Recent developments in joining of aluminum alloys[J]. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 91(5–8):1851–1866

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Çam G (2014) Friction stir welded structural materials: beyond Al-alloys. Int Mater Rev 56(1):1–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Shi Y, Hu Y, Yi YY, Lin SQ, Li ZH (2017) Porosity and microstructure of underwater wet FCAW of duplex stainless steel. Metall Micro Analy 6(5):383–389

    Google Scholar 

  6. Matsushita M, Liu S (1999) Hydrogen control in steel weld metal by means of fluoride additions in welding flux: Dept. of Metallurgical and Metarials Engineering.Colorado School of Mines

  7. Kuzmenko VG, Guzej VI (2005) Pore formation in weld metal in submerged arc welding with surface saturation of grains with fluorine. Paton Weld J 2:14–17

    Google Scholar 

  8. Liu F, Yang C, Lin S, Wu L, Su S (2003) Effect of weld microstructure on weld properties in A-TIG welding of titanium alloy. T Nonferr Metal Soc 13(4):876–880

    Google Scholar 

  9. SIS LB (1977) Welding flux cored electrodes in N2-CO2 and N2-Ar atmospheres. Weld J 53(7):211–216

    Google Scholar 

  10. Pessoa ECP, Bracarense AQ, Zica EM, Liu S, Perez-Guerrero F (2006) Porosity variation along multipass underwater wet welds and its influence on mechanical properties. J Mater Process Tech 179(1–3):239–243

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Sun X, Wang HH, Zhang HQ (2006) Control of usability quality in flux-cored wire based on metal transfer theory. Electric Weld Mach 36(11):5–10

    Google Scholar 

  12. Matsuda F, Ushio M, Kuwayama N, Koyama K (1983) Metal transfer characteristics in self shielded flux cored arc welding for mild steel and 50kgf/mm2 class tensile steel (report I) : metal transfer mode and feasibility of welding (Welding Physics, Process & Instrument). Trans JWRI 12:19–25

    Google Scholar 

  13. Liu HY, Li ZX, Li H, Shi YW (2008) Study on metal transfer modes and welding spatter characteristics of self-shielded flux cored wire. Sci Technol Weld Join 13(8):777–780

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Guo N, Fu Y, Feng J, Du Y, Deng Z, Wang M, Tang D (2016) Classification of metal transfer mode in underwater wet welding. Weld J 95(4):133–140

    Google Scholar 

  15. Jia CB, Zhang Y, Zhao B, Hu JK, Wu CS (2016) Visual sensing of the physical process during underwater wet FCAW. Weld J 95(6):202–209

    Google Scholar 

  16. Zhang Y, Jia CB, Zhao B, Hu JK, Wu CS (2016) Heat input and metal transfer influences on the weld geometry and microstructure during underwater wet FCAW. J Mater Process Tech 238:373–382

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Meng QS, Wang B, Lu WX (1993) Effect of flux materials on surface tension of drops of electrodes. Trans China Weld Institut 02:63–68

    Google Scholar 

  18. Di L, Yonglun S, Feng Y (2000) Online monitoring of weld defects for short-circuit gas metal arc welding based on the self-organizing feature map neural networks [C]// Proceedings of the IEEE-INNS-ENNS International Joint Conference. 2000:239–244

  19. Luksa K (2006) Influence of weld imperfection on short circuit GMA welding arc stability. J Mater Process Tech 175(1):285–290

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Guo N, Du YP, Feng JC, GuoW DZQ (2015) Study of underwater wet welding stability using an X-ray transmission method. J Mater Process Technol 225:133–138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Guo N, Guo W, Du YP, Fu YL, Feng JC (2015) Effect of boric acid on metal transfer mode of underwater flux-cored wire wet welding. J Mater Process Tech 223:124–128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Kim YS, Eager TW (1993) Analysis of metal transfer in gas metal arc welding. Weld J 72:6(3):1143–1152

  23. Guo N, Guo W, Xu CS, Du YP, Feng JC (2015) Effect of boric acid concentration on viscosity of slag and property of weld metal obtained from underwater wet welding. J Mater Eng Perform 24(6):2563–2568

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Zhuo LX, Huang FP, Chen BG, Jin LH (2001) Control on the droplet transfer of self-shielded flux-cored wire. J Mech Eng 37(7):108–112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Wang B, Song YL (2012) Welding arc phenomenon and the usability of welding consumables. China Machine Press, Beijing

    Google Scholar 

  26. Guo N, Xu C, Du Y, Wang M, Feng J, Deng Z, Tang D (2016) Effect of boric acid concentration on the arc stability in underwater wet welding. J Mater Process Tech 229:244–252

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This study received financial support from the State Key Development Program for Basic Research of China (2013CB035502), the Shandong Provincial Key Research and Development Plan (2016ZDJS05A07, 2017CXGC0922), and Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2017QEE005).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Special Welding Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, No.2 Wenhuaxi Road, Weihai, 264209, China

    Ning Guo & JiCai Feng

  2. State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China

    Ning Guo, Changsheng Xu, Yongpeng Du, Hao Chen, Yunlong Fu & JiCai Feng

Authors
  1. Ning Guo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Changsheng Xu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yongpeng Du
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Hao Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Yunlong Fu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. JiCai Feng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ning Guo.

Additional information

Recommended for publication by Commission III - Resistance Welding, Solid State Welding, and Allied Joining Process

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Guo, N., Xu, C., Du, Y. et al. Influence of calcium fluoride on underwater wet welding process stability. Weld World 63, 107–116 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-018-0642-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-018-0642-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation