Abstract
Foundations of transmission towers are subject to uplift forces, and the designs are based on deterministic procedures. Present design guidelines on design of anchor foundations are discussed, and limitations as well as need for incorporation of reliability-based design are brought out. Reliability analysis of anchor foundations subjected to vertical uplift forces using the first-order reliability method is performed. The results of the reliability analysis for different distributions of shear strength parameters of soil and the uplift loads in terms of Hasofer–Lind reliability index have been presented. Load and resistance factors have also been presented to enable reliability-based design. A design example is presented to compare the results obtained from this study. The results show that reliability-based approach can lead to an economic design than the conventional factor of safety approach. It is suggested that codes need to incorporate reliability-based designs in practice.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Balla A (1961) The resistance of breaking-out of mushroom foundations for pylons. In: Proceedings 5th international conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering, Paris, vol 1, pp 569–576
Bathurst RJ (2015) LRFD calibration of simple limit state functions in geotechnical soil-structure design. In: Phoon KK, Ching J (eds) Risk and reliability in geotechnical engineering. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 339–354
Bathurst RJ, Allen TM, Nowak AS (2008) Calibration concepts for load and resistance factor design (LRFD) of reinforced soil walls. Can Geotech J 45(10):1377–1392
Chattopadhyay BC, Pise PJ (1986) Breakout resistance of horizontal anchors in sand. Soils Found 26(4):16–22
Cherubini C (1997) Data and considerations on the variability of geotechnical properties of soils. In: Proceedings of the international conference on safety and reliability (ESREL) 97, Lisbon, vol 2, pp 583–1591
Cherubini C (2000) Reliability evaluation of shallow foundation bearing capacity on C′, ϕ′ soils. Can Geotech J 37:264–269
Choudhary AK, Pandit B, Babu GLS (2017) Pullout behaviour of strip anchor in soil using FLAC2D. In: Indian GEOTECHNICAL CONFERENce 2017 GeoNEst, Th16_231
Das BM (1980) A Procedure for estimation of ultimate uplift capacity of foundations in clay. Soils Found 20(1):77–82
Der Kiureghian A, Liu PL (1986) Structural reliability under incomplete probability information. J Eng Mech 112(1):85–104
EN 50341-1:2012 (2012) Overhead electrical lines exceeding AC 1 kV—part 1: general requirements—common specifications. CENELEC, European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization, Brussels
Fenton GA, Griffiths DV (2008) Risk assessment in geotechnical engineering. Wiley, Hoboken
Haldar A, Mahadevan S (2000) Probability, reliability, and statistical methods in engineering design. Wiley, New York
Harr ME (1987) Reliability-based design in civil engineering. McGraw-Hill, New York
Hasofer AM, Lind NC (1974) Exact and invariant second-moment code format. J Eng Mech ASCE 100(1):111–121
IEEE std 691-2001 (2001) IEEE guide for transmission structure foundation design and testing. In: IEEE Power engineering society and ASCE. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc
Ilamparuthi K, Muthukrishnaiah K (1999) Anchors in sand bed: delineation of rupture surface. Ocean Eng 26(12):1249–1273
IS:4091-1979. (1980) Code of practice for design and construction of foundations for transmission line towers and poles. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi
JCSS (2001) Probabilistic model code: part 1—BASIS of design. The Joint Committee on Structural Safety
Krishnaswamy NR, Parashar SP (1994) Uplift behaviour of plate anchors with geosynthetics. Geotext Geomembr 13(2):67–89
Kulhawy FH, Phoon KK, Prakoso WA, Hirany A (2006) Reliability-based design of foundations for transmission line structures. In: Nickerson R E (ed) Electrical submission line and substation structures, ASCE, pp 184-–194
Liu M, Liu J, Gao H (2010) Displacement field of an uplifting anchor in sand. In: Geotechnical Special Publication No. 205. GeoSanghai 2010 international conference ASCE, pp 261–266
Low BK, Tang WH (1997) Efficient reliability evaluation using spreadsheet. J Eng Mech 123(7):749–752
Low BK, Tang WH (2004) Reliability analysis using object oriented constrained optimization. Struct Saf 26:69–89
Low BK, Tan WH (2007) Efficient spreadsheet algorithm for first-order reliability method. J Eng Mech ASCE 133(12):1378–1387
Low BK (2017) Insights from reliability-based design to complement load and resistance factor design approach. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng ASCE 143(11):04017089: 1–12
Lumb P (1970) Safety factors and the probability distribution of soil strength. Can Geotech J 7(3):225–242
Majer P (1955) Zur Berechnung von Zugfundamenten. Osterr Bauz 10(5):85–90 (in German)
Merifield RS, Sloan SW (2006) The ultimate pullout capacity of anchors in frictional soils. Can Geotech J 43(8):852–868
Meyerhof GG, Adams JI (1968) The ultimate uplift capacity of foundations. Can Geotech J 5(4):225–244
Mors H (1959) The behaviour of mast foundations subject to tensile forces. Bautechnik 10:367–378
Phoon KK, Kulhawy FH, Grigoriu MD (1995) Reliability based design of foundations for transmission line structures. Rep. No. TR-105000, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif
Phoon KK, Kulhawy FH, Grigoriu MD (2003) Development of a reliability-based design framework for transmission line structure foundations. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 129(9):798–806
Phoon KK, Kulhawy FH, Grigoriu MD (2003) Multiple resistance factor design for shallow transmission line structure foundations. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 129(9):807–818
Phoon KK, Kulhawy FH (1999) Characterization of geotechnical variability. Can Geotech J 36(4):612–624
Phoon KK, Kulhawy FH (1999) Evaluation of geotechnical variability. Can Geotech J 36(4):625–639
Rackwitz R, Fiessler B (1978) Structural reliability under combined random load sequences. Comput Struct 9(5):484–494
Rowe RK, Davis EH (1982) The behaviour of anchor plates in sand. Géotechnique 32(1):25–41
Shinozuka M (1983) Basic analysis of structural safety. J Struct Div ASCE 109(3):721–740
Transmission Line Manual (1998) Publication No. 268. CBIP, New Delhi
Turner EA (1962) Uplift resistance of transmission tower footings. J Power Div Proc ASCE 88:17–32
Vesic AS (1971) Breakout resistance of objects embedded in ocean bottom. J Soil Mech Found Div ASCE 97(9):1183–1205
Youssef Abdel Massih DS, Soubra AH, Low BK (2008) Reliability-based analysis and design of strip footings against bearing capacity failure. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng ASCE 134(7):917–928
Yuceman MS, Tang WH, Ang AHS (1973) A probabilistic study of safety and design of earth slopes. Civil engineering studies, structural research series, vol 402. University of Illinois, Urbana
Funding
Not applicable.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mukherjee, S., Sivakumar Babu, G.L. Reliability Analysis of Anchor Foundations Subject to Vertical Uplift Forces. Indian Geotech J 50, 982–993 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40098-020-00442-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40098-020-00442-2