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Recent progress on visible active nanostructured energy materials for water split generated hydrogen

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Abstract

Solar-driven water splitting is one amongst the fastest growing areas of research for hydrogen evolution. The technology employs application of nanostructured energy materials with featured charge-separation and light absorption characteristics. The high charge-carrier recombination and wide band-gap of energy materials are major material-related bottlenecks that restricted the large-scale implementation. Besides it, the co-catalyst, electron mediator and sacrificial electron donor (SED) were the other major components for further improving the H2 yield. A water splitting reactor with well-optimized photon and mass transfer properties is mandatory for studying hydrogen evolution at large scale. The present review compiles various strategies that were presented for reducing charge-carrier recombination and extending visible light absorption of materials, insights for loading earth-abundant co-catalysts on photocatalyst surface, recently developed reversible redox and non-noble metal-based solid-state electron mediators and advantage of applying organic contaminant and biomass-derived waste as SEDs. The discussions on several engineered reactor designs for the photocatalytic water splitting technology were also presented. A cost-effective way of designing a photocatalytic water splitting system with functionalized nanostructured energy materials, the earth-abundant co-catalysts, organic waste-based electron donors and efficient electron mediators for achieving improved hydrogen evolution rate is comprehensively discussed.

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Fig. 1

(Figure is adapted and reproduced with permission from Ref. [8])

Fig. 2

(Figure is adapted and reproduced with permission from Ref. [11])

Fig. 3

(Figure is adapted and reproduced with permission from Ref. [42])

Fig. 4

(Figure is adapted and reproduced with permission from Ref. [58])

Fig. 5

(Figure is adapted and reproduced with permission from Ref. [128])

Fig. 6

(Figure is adapted and reproduced with permission from Ref. [129])

Fig. 7

(Figure is adapted and reproduced with permission from Ref. [134])

Fig. 8

(Figure is adapted and reproduced with permission from Ref. [135])

Fig. 9

(Figure is adapted and reproduced with permission from Ref. [136])

Fig. 10

(Figure is adapted and reproduced with permission from Ref. [137])

Fig. 11

(Figure is adapted and reproduced with permission from Ref. [138])

Fig. 12

(Figure is adapted and reproduced with permission from Ref. [143])

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Abbreviations

SED:

Sacrificial electron donor

GHG:

Greenhouse gas

VB:

Valence band

CB:

Conduction band

AQE:

Apparent quantum efficiency

QE:

Quantum efficiency

STH:

Solar to hydrogen

NHE:

Normal hydrogen electrode

HEP:

Hydrogen evolution photocatalyst

OEP:

Oxygen evolution photocatalyst

SRP:

Standard redox potential

SHE:

Standard hydrogen electrode

RRM:

Reversible redox mediators

SSM:

Solid-state mediators

IR:

Infra-red

UV:

Ultraviolet

PAC:

Polycyclic aromatic compounds

PANI:

Polyaniline

TEOA:

Triethanolamine

PS:

Photosystem

CNT:

Carbon nanotube

FCNT:

Functionalized carbon nanotube

MWCNT:

Multiwalled carbon nanotube

QDs:

Quantum dots

CQDs:

Carbon quantum dots

TQD:

Titania quantum dots

GR:

Graphene

PVP:

Polyvinyl pyrollidone

LDH:

Layered double hydroxide

DETA:

Diethylenetriamine

PDA:

Polydopamine

NOM:

Natural organic matter

HA:

Humic acid

TOC:

Total organic carbon

EDTA:

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

PDMS:

Polydimethylsiloxane

HMF:

5-(Hydroxymethyl) furfural

DFF:

2,5-Diformylfuran

CPC:

Compound parabolic concentrator

SPHPR:

Solar photocatalytic hydrogen production reactor

SUC:

Surface uniform concentrator

OP:

Oxidation photocatalyst

RP:

Reduction photocatalyst

MOF:

Metal organic framework

POP:

Porous organic polymer

CMP:

Conjugated microporous polymer

CTF:

Covalent triazine framework

COF:

Covalent organic framework

KJ/mol:

Kilojoule per mole

KJ/g:

Kilojoule per gram

μmol/h/g:

Micromoles per hour per gram

mmol/h/g:

Millimoles per hour per gram

W/m2 :

Watt per square meter

ml:

Milli litre

eV:

Electron volt

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Acknowledgements

The corresponding author is grateful to the Science and Engineering Research Board, Department of Science and Technology (DST-SERB) for the financial support received under IMPRINT with grant code IMP/2019/000286.

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  1. Environmental Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826004, India

    Ankita Rani & Pichiah Saravanan

  2. Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 447-1, Wolgye-dong Nowon-Gu, Seoul, South Korea

    Min Jang

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Rani, A., Saravanan, P. & Jang, M. Recent progress on visible active nanostructured energy materials for water split generated hydrogen. J Nanostruct Chem 11, 69–92 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40097-020-00363-9

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