Abstract
Rapid economic growth has escalated India’s share in international trade. The pressure on these ports, which handle a substantial portion of the trade, has increased to perform with optimal efficiency, and decrease turnaround time so as to increase the number of ships visiting the port area. The caveat is that increased shipping activity is accompanied by enhanced emissions of harmful pollutants and green house gases. This study has revealed increased turnaround time for ships resulting in substantial emissions from auxiliary engines. There should be an optimum balance between operational control and environmental control of pollutants. Kolkata is a megacity with active riverine ports that can generate high levels of air quality emissions, especially NOx, SOx and particulate matter. An exhaustive annual emissions inventory based on ocean going vessels activity has been developed for 2013–2014 for Kolkata port, using recent EPA approved methodology. This includes greenhouse gas emissions from marine engines as well. The study indicates that amongst the different categories of ocean going ships, containers contribute the most (49%) of air and greenhouse gas emissions in 75th percentile class and above followed by general cargo (14%) and oil tankers (13%). The study depicts existing status of marine emissions in Kolkata port from ocean going vessels, which would serve in development of integrated air quality and climate change management plans and serve as a prototype for other major ports of India.
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Acknowledgement
The authors are thankful to Kolkata Port Trust, India for providing required shipping activity data to support this study. The authors are also thankful to Ohio University, Athens, USA for contribution towards data analyses. The authors wish to acknowledge the anonymous reviewer whose comments helped to significantly improve quality of the paper.
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Mandal, A., Biswas, J., Roychowdhury, S. et al. Appraisal of Emissions from Ocean-going Vessels Coming to Kolkata Port, India. J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. A 98, 387–395 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40030-017-0238-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40030-017-0238-7