Abstract
Phosphogypsum is the most significant industrial solid waste in the world. Phosphogypsum has a complex composition and its traditional storage methods occupy large areas of land and also damage the environment. Currently, phosphogypsum is mainly used for the direct preparation of construction materials and chemical auxiliary materials, but the amount of phosphogypsum used in this process is small, so its market acceptance is very low. In recent years, phosphogypsum soil improvement and soilization have become research hotspots. Phosphogypsum can be used as a conditioner to improve the physical and chemical characteristics of soil, delay soil degradation, and passivate heavy metals to replace natural gypsum materials for resource utilization. Phosphogypsum can help soils capture additional carbon, thereby contributing to the global goals of carbon emission reduction and carbon neutrality. This paper presents a comprehensive and diverse study on the application of phosphogypsum, which is expected to provide new ideas for the global solution of the three phosphorus problems (phosphate mines, phosphorus chemical enterprises, phosphogypsum stockpiles in the waste stockpiles, and environmental pollution problems). This review summarizes the state-of-the-art research on phosphogypsum application in agriculture and soilization, as well as ideas and suggestions for its effective utilization in resource soil improvement. In addition, challenges in the field and potential future research directions are discussed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Al Attar L, Al-Oudat M, Shamali K, Abdul Ghany B, Kanakri S (2012) Case study: heavy metals and fluoride contents in the materials of Syrian phosphate industry and in the vicinity of phosphogypsum piles. Environ Technol 33:143–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2011.552531
Ali MA, Kim PJ, Inubushi K (2015) Mitigating yield-scaled greenhouse gas emissions through combined application of soil amendments: A comparative study between temperate and subtropical rice paddy soils. Sci Total Environ 529:140–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.090
Alva AK, Sumner ME (1990) Amelioration of acid soil infertility by phosphogypsum. Plant Soil 128:127–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00011101
Araújo LG, Sousa DMGD, Figueiredo CCD, Rein TA, de Souza NR, Santos Júnior JDDG, Malaquias JV (2019) How does gypsum increase the organic carbon stock of an Oxisol profile under sugarcane? Geoderma 343:196–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.02.029
Batukaev A, Endovitsky A, Kalinichenko V, Mischenko N, Minkina T, Mandzhieva S, Sushkova S, Bakoyev S, Rajput V, Shipkova G, Litvinov Y (2017) Cadmium status in chernozem of the Krasnodar Krai (Russia) after the application of phosphogypsum. Proc Est Acad Sci 66:501. https://doi.org/10.3176/proc.2017.4.17
Belyuchenko IS (2010) Ecological features of phosphogypsum and appropriateness of its use in agriculture. In Proceedings of the II All-Russian Scientific Conference Problems of Reclamation of Household, Industrial and Agricultural Production Wastes, https://xueshu.studiodahu.com/scholar?hl=zh-CN&as_sdt=0%2C33&q=Belyuchenko+et+al.+%282010%29&btnG=#d=gs_cit&t=1674546773899&u=%2Fscholar%3Fq%3Dinfo%3AV24XadOytjQJ%3Ascholar.google.com%2F%26output%3Dcite%26scirp%3D0%26hl%3Dzh-2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-02304783-2CN
Bossolani JW, Crusciol CAC, Garcia A, Moretti LG, Portugal JR, Rodrigues VA, Fonseca MDCD, Calonego JC, Amado TJC, Reis ARD (2021) Long-Term lime and phosphogypsum amended-soils alleviates the field drought effects on carbon and antioxidative metabolism of maize by improving soil fertility and root growth. Front Plant Sci 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.650296
Bouray M, Moir JL, Condron LM, Lehto NJ, Bayad M, Gharous ME, Mejahed KE (2022) Effect of phosphogypsum application on aluminum speciation in acid pasture soils. J Soils Sediments 22:1959–1975. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-022-03215-x
Cai Q, Jiang J, Ma B, Shao Z, Hu Y, Qian B, Wang L (2021) Efficient removal of phosphate impurities in waste phosphogypsum for the production of cement. Sci Total Environ 780:146600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146600
Cao S, Guo Q, Che Z, Gao Y, Ge H (2016) Phosphogypsum amendment to soil moisture diffusivity. Arid Area Res 33:506–510. https://doi.org/10.13866/j.azr.2016.03.08
Chen N, Zhen Y, He X, Li X, Zhang X (2017) Analysis of the Report on the national general survey of soil contamination. J Agro-Environ Sci 36(9):1689–1692. https://doi.org/10.11654/jaes.2017-1220.
Churka Blum S, Caires EF, Alleoni LRF (2013) Lime and phosphogypsum application and sulfate retention in subtropical soils under no-till system. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-95162013005000024
Corisco JAG, Mihalík J, Madruga MJ, Prudêncio MI, Marques R, Santos M, Reis M (2017) Natural radionuclides, rare earths and heavy metals transferred to the wild vegetation covering a phosphogypsum Stockpile at Barreiro, Portugal. Water Air Soil Pollut, 228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-017-3413-6
Costa RF, Firmano RF, Colzato M, Crusciol CAC, Alleoni LRF (2022) Sulfur speciation in a tropical soil amended with lime and phosphogypsum under long-term no-tillage system. Geoderma 406:115461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115461
Crusciol CAC, Artigiani ACCA, Arf O, Carmeis Filho ACA, Soratto RP, Nascente AS, Alvarez RCF (2016) Soil fertility, plant nutrition, and grain yield of upland rice affected by surface application of lime, silicate, and phosphogypsum in a tropical no-till system. CATENA 137:87–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2015.09.009
Cuadri AA, Navarro FJ, García-Morales M, Bolívar JP (2014) Valorization of phosphogypsum waste as asphaltic bitumen modifier. J Hazard Mater 279:11–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.06.058
Da Costa CHM, Crusciol CAC (2016) Long-term effects of lime and phosphogypsum application on tropical no-till soybean–oat–sorghum rotation and soil chemical properties. Eur J Agron 74:119–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2015.12.001
Dai Z, Zhang X, Tang C, Muhammad N, Wu J, Brookes PC, Xu J (2017) Potential role of biochars in decreasing soil acidification—a critical review. Sci Total Environ 581–582:601–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.169
Du M, Wang J, Dong F, Wang Z, Yang F, Fu K, Wang W (2020) Research progress on resource utilization of phosphogypsum. Conserv Utilization Mineral Resour 40:121–126. https://doi.org/10.13779/j.cnki.issn1001-0076.2020.03.021
El-Kader, Abd N, Mahmoud (2015) Heavy metal immobilization in contaminated soils using phosphogypsum and rice straw compost. Land Degradation and Development
Fornés IV, Vaičiukynienė D, Nizevičienė D, Doroševas V, Michalik B (2021) A comparative assessment of the suitability of phosphogypsum from different origins to be utilised as the binding material of construction products. J Build Eng 44:102995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102995
Gu S, Miao J, Hou C, Wang Y, Wang H, Xu X (2020) Comprehensive utilization of phosphogypsum and research suggestions on key common technology innovation. Conserv Utilization Mineral Resour 40:115–120. https://doi.org/10.13779/j.cnki.issn1001-0076.2020.03.020
Huang L, Liu Y, Ferreira JFS, Wang M, Na J, Huang J, Liang Z (2022) Long-term combined effects of tillage and rice cultivation with phosphogypsum or farmyard manure on the concentration of salts, minerals, and heavy metals of saline-sodic paddy fields in Northeast China. Soil Tillage Res 215:105222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2021.105222
Jia G, Bai L, Shi J, Zhang N, Yue X, Duan H, Xia Y (2014) Effects of mycorrhizal inoculation on the main chemical properties of soil under phosphogypsum utilization. J Yunnan Agric Univ 29:719–726. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1004-390X(n).2014.05.017
Jiang N, Cai D, He L, Zhong N, Wen H, Zhang X, Wu Z (2015) A facile approach to remediate the microenvironment of saline-alkali soil. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 3(2):374–380. https://doi.org/10.1021/sc500785e
Jiang L (2020) A study of spatial and temporal patterns of land degradation in Central Asia. Dissertation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
Kalinitchenko VP, Glinushkin AP, Minkina TM, Mandzhieva SS, Sushkova SN, Sukovatov VA, Il Ina LP, Makarenkov DA (2020) Chemical soil-biological engineering theoretical foundations, technical means, and technology for safe intrasoil waste recycling and long-term higher soil productivity. ACS Omega 5:17553–17564. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c02014
Kim Y, Cho JY, Yoon Y, Choe HJ, Cheong MS, Lee M, Kim K, Lee YB (2021) Influences of phosphogypsum application on soil property and yield and quality of onion (Allium cepa L.). Korean J Soil Sci Fert 54:141–150. https://doi.org/10.7745/KJSSF.2021.54.2.141
Kumar SS, Kumar A, Singh S, Malyan SK, Baram S, Sharma J, Singh R, Pugazhendhi A (2020) Industrial wastes: Fly ash, steel slag and phosphogypsum- potential candidates to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from paddy fields. Chemosphere 241:124824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124824
Li B, Wang Z, Sun Z, Sun Z, Chen Y, Yang (2005) Resources and sustainable resource exploitation of salinized land in China. Agric Res Arid Areas 23:154–158. https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-7601.2005.02.032
Li J, Liu Z, Zhao W, Masud MM, Xu R (2015) Alkaline slag is more effective than phosphogypsum in the amelioration of subsoil acidity in an Ultisol profile. Soil Tillage Res 149:21–32. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1009-1904.2006.05.002
Li X, Liu T, Chang C, Lei Y, Mao X (2021) Analytical methodologies for agrometallomics: a critical review. J Agric Food Chem 69:6100–6118. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00275
Li J, Wang N, Xu R, Tiwari D (2010) Potential of Industrial Byproducts in Ameliorating Soil Acidity and Aluminum Toxicity. Pedosphere.issas.ac.cn.
Li Y, Yang Z (2018) Development of phosphogypsum comprehensive utilization technology. Phosphate Compound Fertilizer 33:1–6. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1007-6220.2018.02.001
Liang H, Zhang P, Jin Z, DePaoli D, Oak Ridge National Lab. ORNL ORTU (2017) Rare earths recovery and gypsum upgrade from Florida phosphogypsum. Miner. Metall. Process. 34:201–206 https://doi.org/10.19150/mmp.7860
Liao Y (2018) On the current situation and development direction of comprehensive utilization of phosphogypsum. Chem Eng Des 28:27–29. CNKI:SUN: HGSJ.0.2018-04-008. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1007-6247.2018.04.009
Limits of radionuclides in building materials, State General Administration of the People’s Republic of China for Quality Supervision and Inspection and Quarantine. (2011) https://openstd.samr.gov.cn/bzgk/gb/newGbInfo?hcno=51615A2BD8C0045539EA3DAE71612339
Liu S, Ouyang J, Ren J (2020) Mechanism of calcination modification of phosphogypsum and its effect on the hydration properties of phosphogypsum-based supersulfated cement. Const Build Mater 243:118226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118226
Luo Y, Li G, Luo W, Schuchardt. F, J Tao, Xu D (2013) Effect of phosphogypsum and dicyandiamide as additives on NH, NO and CH emissions during composting. J Environ Sci 25(7) 1338–1345. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(12)60126-0
Lutskiy D, Litvinova T, Ignatovich A, Fialkovskiy I (2018) Complex processing of phosphogypsum—a way of recycling of dumps with reception of commodity production of wide application. J Ecol Eng 19:221–225. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/83562
Ma G, Yang P (2018) Analysis on comprehensive treatment approaches of phosphorus gypsum. Chem Fertilizer Des
Malyan SK, Bhatia A, Kumar A, Gupta DK, Singh R, Kumar SS, Tomer R, Kumar O, Jain N (2016) Methane production, oxidation and mitigation: a mechanistic understanding and comprehensive evaluation of influencing factors. Sci Total Environ 572:874–896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.182
Mariscal-Sancho I, Espejo R, Peregrina F (2009) Potentially toxic effects of phosphogypsum on palexerults in Western Spain. Soil Sci Soc Am J 73:146–153. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2007.0394
Mischenko NA, Gromyko EV, Kalinichenko VP, Chernenko VV, Larin SV (2009) Ecological and recreational phosphogypsum recycling in chernozem on example of the Krasnodar Territory. Fertility 6:25–26 (in Russian)
Moalla R, Gargouri M, Khmiri F, Kamoun L, Zairi M (2018) Phosphogypsum purification for plaster production: a process optimization using full factorial design. Environ Eng Res 23:36–45. https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2017.055
Nedelciu CE, Ragnarsdottir KV, Schlyter P, Stjernquist I (2020) Global phosphorus supply chain dynamics: assessing regional impact to 2050. Global Food Security 26:100426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100426
Neto J, Bersch J D, Silva T, Rodríguez E, Suzuki S, Kirchheim K (2021) Influence of phosphogypsum purification with lime on the properties of cementitious matrices with and without plasticizer. Constr Build Mater 299(2):123935.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123935
Occupational, public and environmental radiological impact caused by the phosphoric acid industry: the case of Huelva (Spain) (2017) In: Phosphoric Acid Industry— Problems and Solutions, InTech. 978-953-51-3353-7
Ohtake H, Okano K, Kunisada M, Takano H, Toda M (2018) Simple technology for recycling phosphate from wastewater to farmland in rural areas. Ambio 47(S1) 83–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-017-0976-9
Ou Z, Yang W, He B (2021) Current situation of comprehensive utilization of phosphogypsum at home and abroad. Yunnan Chem 48:4. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1004-275X.2021.11.02
Peng X, Deng Y, Liu L, Tian X, Gang S, Wei Z, Zhang X, Yue K (2020) The addition of biochar as a fertilizer supplement for the attenuation of potentially toxic elements in phosphogypsum-amended soil. J Clean Prod 277:124052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124052
Phosphogypsum soil conditioner, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China. (2012) http://www.ttbz.org.cn/upload/file/20221018/6380170938238854807454379.pdf
Qamouche K, Chetaine A, Elyahyaoui A, Moussaif A, Touzani R, Benkdad A, Amsil H, Laraki K, Marah H (2020) Radiological characterization of phosphate rocks, phosphogypsum, phosphoric acid and phosphate fertilizers in Morocco: an assessment of the radiological hazard impact on the environment. Mater Today: Proc 27:3234–3242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.703
Rashad AM (2017) Phosphogypsum as a construction material. J Clean Prod 166:732–743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.08.049
Rentería-Villalobos M, Vioque I, Mantero J, Manjón G (2010) Radiological chemical and morphological characterizations of phosphate rock and phosphogypsum from phosphoric acid factories in SW Spain. J Hazard Mater 181(1-3):193–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.04.116
Ropelewska E, Dziejowski J, Zapotoczny P (2016) Changes in the microbial activity and thermal properties of soil treated with sodium fluoride. Appl Soil Ecol 98:159–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2015.10.013
Sahu SK, Ajmal PY, Bhangare RC, Tiwari M, Pandit GG (2014) Natural radioactivity assessment of a phosphate fertilizer plant area. J Radiat Res Appl Sci 7:123–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrras.2014.01.001
Sengupta I, Dhal PK (2021) Impact of elevated phosphogypsum on soil fertility and its aerobic biotransformation through indigenous microorganisms (IMO's) based technology. J Environ Manag 297113195-S0301479721012573 113195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113195
Slow release fertilizer, State General Administration of the People’s Republic of China for Quality Supervision and Inspection and Quarantine. (2009) https://openstd.samr.gov.cn/bzgk/gb/std_list?p.p1=0&p.p90=circulation_date&p.p91=desc&p.p2=23348-2009
Shivay YS, Prasad R, Pal M (2016) Effect of nitrogen levels and coated urea on growth, yields and nitrogen use efficiency in aromatic rice. J Plant Nutr 39:875–882. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2015.1109102
Shu Y (2019) Experimental study on effect of both phosphogypsum and biochar in Yunnan red soil. Phosphate Comp Fertilizer 34:40–42. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1007-6220.2019.12.015
Sun J, Liu W, Wang W, Hu Y, Yang X, Chen H, Zhang Y, Li X, Xu M (2016) Optimizing synergy between phosphogypsum disposal and cement plant CO2 capture by the calcium looping process. Energy Fuels. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b02786
Sun Z (2016) Outlook and thinking of phosphogypsum comprehensive utilization in China. Sulphuric Acid Industry, pp 55–58. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-1507.2016.01.018
Tian T, Zhang C, Zhu F, Yuan S, Guo Y, Xue S (2021) Effect of phosphogypsum on saline-alkalinity and aggregate stability of bauxite residue. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China 31:1484–1495. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(21)65592-9
Türkel S, Aksin E (2012) A comparative study on the use of fly ash and phosphogypsum in the brick production. Sadhana (Bangalore) 37:595–607. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12046-012-0099-8
Wang XC (2010) Prospects for Applications of Phosphogypsum in Agriculture, Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin. https://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/periodical ChlQZXJpb2RpY2FsQ0hJTmV3UzIwMjMwMTEyEg96Z254dGIyMDEwMDQwNjMaCHZ2enp5ZzF3
Wang Y (2021) Study on the effect of phosphogypsum on the stability of yellow soil aggregates. Dissertation, Guizhou University
Wang B, Guo T, Li L (2017) Application of Phosphogypsum in Agriculture and Its Safety Evaluation. Chin J Soil Sci 41(02):408–412. https://doi.org/10.19336/j.cnki.trtb.2010.02.030
Wang M, Tang Y, Anderson CWN, Jeyakumar P, Yang J (2018) Effect of simulated acid rain on fluorine mobility and the bacterial community of phosphogypsum. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:15336–15348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1408-5
Wang K, Zhang N, Tan F, He J, Li J, Bao L (2021) The influence of passivating agent on soil pollution. MethodsX 2021(6):101321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2021.101321
Wen Y (2020) Effects of phosphogypsum on yellow soil acidity and aluminum speciation and its mechanism. Dissertation, Guizhou University
Wu P (1991) In: Wet process phosphoric acid 354
Xia A, Deng Y, Dong F, Yang R, Xu C (2011) Study on phosphogypsum-based slow release nitrogen fertilizer. Non-Metallic Mines 34(35–37):40. https://doi.org/10.1080/17415993.2010.547197
Xiao H (2019) Status analysis on comprehensive utilization of phosphogypsum in Yunnan Yuntianhua Co., Ltd. Phosphate Comp Fertilizer 34:35–37. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1007-6220.2019.07.012
Xu J, Bao L, Zhao H, Zhang N (2018) Effects of phosphogypsum on red soil acidity and growth of Chinese cabbage. Phosphate Comp Fertilizer 33(34–37):43. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1007-6220.2017.09.013
Xu J, Zhang N (2017) Research progress for applications of phosphogypsum in agriculture. Phosphate & Compound Fertilizer 32(9):34–38. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1007-6220.2017.09.013
Yakovlev AS, Kaniskin MA, Terekhova VA (2013) Ecological evaluation of artificial soils treated with phosphogypsum. Eurasian Soil Sci 46:697–703. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229313060124
Yang S, Fang S (2013) A new use of phosphogypsum to prevent and control desertification, improve soil. Phosphate Comp Fertilizer 28(4):69–70. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1007-6220.2013.04.025
Yang F, Li G, Shi H, Wang Y (2015) Effects of phosphogypsum and superphosphate on compost maturity and gaseous emissions during kitchen waste composting. Waste Manage 36:70–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.11.012
Yang J, Ma L, Yang J, Guo Z, Liu H, Zhang W, Wang L (2019) Gasification performance and mechanism of high-silicon phosphogypsum oxygen carrier in chemical looping gasification. Energy Fuels 33:11768–11780. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b02042
Yang J, Yao R, Wang X, Xie W, Zhang X, Zhu W, Zhang L, Sun R (2022) Research on Salt-affected Soils in China: History, Status Quo and Prospect. Turang xuebao 59:10–27. https://doi.org/10.11766/trxb202110270578
Yao H, Meng Z (2018) Production practice of sulphuric acid production from phosphogypsum cogeneration calcium silicon potassium magnesium fertilizer technology. Sulphuric Acid Industry, pp 41–44. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-1507.2018.01.010
Yin Y, Shu Y, Dong H, Huang L, Sun W, Song L, Liang Q (2016) Effect of phosphorus gypsum application for three consecutive years on physical and chemical characteristics of red soil. Southwest China J Agric Sci 29(9):2187–2192. https://doi.org/10.16213/j.cnki.scjas.2016.09.030.
Yu X, Li B (2019) Release mechanism of a novel slow-release nitrogen fertilizer. Particuology 45:124–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2018.09.005
Zeng L, Bian X, Zhao L, Wang Y, Hong Z (2021) Effect of phosphogypsum on physiochemical and mechanical behaviour of cement stabilized dredged soil from Fuzhou, China. Geomechr Energy Environ 25:100195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2020.100195
Zhang Y, Li T (2016) Analysis of phosphate gypsum resource utilization pathways and technology outlook Twenty-third Annual National Phosphorus Compound Fertilizer Industry Conference, Beijing, p 370–376
Zhang H (2020) Soil pH—N fertilizer form—Mechanism of association between ammonium-nitrate preference of maize and improved N fertilizer utilization. Dissertation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
Zhen L, Chen H, Wang H, Qi Y, Gao L, Zhang S (2017) Comprehensive utilization status and development suggestions of phosphogypsum in China. Phosphate Comp Fertilizer 32:33–35. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1007-6220.2017.03.014
Zhou L, Wang H, Cao H, Xu Y (2017) Application of phosphogypsum to improve saline cotton fields. Rural Sci Technol, pp 21–22. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-6193.2017.11.010
Zi C, Su Y, Bao L, Zhang S, Zhang D, Chang H, Zhang Z, Zhang N (2018) The present situation and countermeasures of the utilization of phosphogypsum in China. J Anhui Agric Sci 46(73–76):80. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2018.05.022
Zirnea S, Lazar I, Foudjo BUS, Vasilache T, Lazar G (2013) Cluster analysis based of geochemical properties of phosphogypsum dump located near bacau city in Romania. APCBEE Proc 5:317–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcbee.2013.05.054
Acknowledgements
The project is funded by, National Natural Science Foundation of China [52060010], the Low-carbon Development Guidance Project of Yunnan Province in the year 2021 (No.135).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Editorial responsibility: Dai-Viet N. Vo.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Qi, J., Zhu, H., Zhou, P. et al. Application of phosphogypsum in soilization: a review. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20, 10449–10464 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-04783-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-04783-2