Abstract
This study investigated the pollution, origin, and health risk assessment of toxic metals in deposited dust on surfaces of indoor and outdoor environments of buildings. A total of 28 sampling sites were selected to collect dust samples in both indoor and outdoor building spaces. The concentration of heavy metals was measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Geoaccumulation (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF), pollution (PI), and ecological risk (ER) indices were calculated in this study. Findings revealed that Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in outdoor dust, respectively, exceeded about 4.4, 2, 22, and 4.3 times above the geochemical background levels, and also in indoor dust did about 4.8, 2.74, 16.3, and 3.9 times. Pb exhibited enriched levels at 78 and 70% of the outdoor and indoor stations. Cr and Mn did show crustal origin, whereas others, including As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Co, and Zn, originated from anthropogenic activities. Hazard quotient and carcinogenic risk by As, Cd, Cr, Mn, and Ni of indoor dust demonstrated the highest levels through the inhalation pathway. These five metals in indoor samples showed hazard index (HI) values more than the safe level (HI > 1), with the order of Mn > As = Ni > Cd = Cr, and more than the respective HI values by outdoor dust (i.e., HIindoor > HIoutdoor). Together, indoor and outdoor dust can reveal the contamination of heavy metals in urban environments as well as their origination and health risk assessment for human health.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express their appreciation to Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch because of technical and laboratorial support. They are also thankful to Dr. Ali Kazemi and Dr. Zahra Sahebi the supervisor and head of Arvin Zist Pooya Lab for their support.
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Shokoofeh Sajedi Sabegh: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Writing–original draft, Nabiollah Mansouri: Validation, Supervision, Project administration, Data curation, Lobat Taghavi: Visualization Resources, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition Resources, Seyed Alireza Mirzahosseini: Software analysis, Graphical, Writing—review & editing.
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Sajedi Sabegh, S., Mansouri, N., Taghavi, L. et al. Pollution status, origin, and health risk assessment of toxic metals in deposited indoor and outdoor urban dust. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20, 2471–2486 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04530-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04530-z