Abstract
The widespread release of heavy metals into natural water bodies and accumulation in the human body interfere with the transport of human proteins and enzymes, causing physiological toxicity. The presence of heavy metals in the air, water, soil, and food is becoming a severe threat to both humans and the environment. Metal ions are prominent entities that can cause a variety of hazardous health risks due to their prolonged half-life, potential accumulation in various parts of the body, and non-biodegradability. Thus, numerous nanotechnology methods for detecting heavy/toxic metals have been developed that are significant for food safety assurance. This review discussed the public health implications of toxic metals and gave an overview of current innovative strategy developments in the primary system and food safety analysis applications. A substantial section discussed various biosensor techniques that have been developed via environmentally friendly or chemical processes that offer an improved limit of detection, the limit of quantification, and on-site detection. The final section summarizes the current analytical approaches to detecting heavy metals using sensors from previous articles published between 2016 and 2022.
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The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Education Malaysia, The Fundamental Research Grant Scheme for Research Acculturation of Early Career Researchers, under the following Grant: FRGS RACER19-2019.
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This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme for Research Acculturation of Early Career Researchers, under the following Grant: (FRGS RACER 19–2019).
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Vonnie, J.M., Rovina, K., Mariah, A.M.A. et al. Trends in nanotechnology techniques for detecting heavy metals in food and contaminated water: a review. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20, 8041–8072 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04487-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04487-z