Abstract
The world has been finding new ways for harvesting water that can fulfill our daily needs among which atmospheric water generation (AWG) is an emerging solution, currently under continuous development process. By this process, ambient humidity in the air can be extracted mechanically via cooling and interception, or chemically via absorption, for use as needed. This study reviews various technologies of AWG that are being used for harvesting water using the atmospheric air, with their comparison based on outputs, efficiencies, and economics. Materials including new hydrogel formations which can be used for the advancement of the technology are reported. Peltier-thermoelectric cooler-based AWG and desiccant-based AWG have been thoroughly discussed throughout the review. The study reflects the importance of harvesting water from the air as this technology has the potential to attain self-sustainability without relying on a freshwater source, both actively and passively.
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(reproduced from Wang et al. (2019))
(reproduced from Qi et al. 2019)
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Abbreviations
- A :
-
Wet surface area of LiAlO2 (m2/g)
- A 1 :
-
Top surface area
- A 2 :
-
Horizontally projected area of the solar still (m2)
- AWG:
-
Air-water generator
- AC:
-
Activated carbon
- ACF:
-
Active carbon fiber
- BLDC:
-
Brushless DC motor
- CNT:
-
Carbon nanotubes
- COP:
-
Coefficient of performance
- DRH:
-
Deliquescent relative humidity
- DC:
-
Direct current
- DS-HCBSS:
-
Double slope half cylinder basin solar still
- EPNS:
-
Engineered-photothermal nano-composite sheet
- E L :
-
Elevation above the sea level (m)
- e :
-
Actual vapor pressure
- FC:
-
Fuel cell
- H:
-
Total radiation incident (W/m2)
- h f g :
-
Latent heat of water (J/Kg)
- I :
-
Solar Intensity (W/m2)
- K m :
-
Thermal conductivity (W/m.K)
- LiAlO2 :
-
Lithium aluminate
- LTPEMFC:
-
Low-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell
- MC:
-
Microbial cell
- MCFC:
-
Molten carbonate fuel cell
- MDC:
-
Microbial desalination cell
- MEC:
-
Microbial electrolysis cell
- MFC:
-
Microbial fuel cell
- MRC:
-
Microbial reverse electro dialysis cell
- MOF:
-
Metal–organic framework
- m i :
-
Mass of NBHA after adsorption
- m a :
-
Initial mass of NBHA before adsorption
- PAM:
-
Polyacrylamide
- S m :
-
Seebeck coefficient
- PV:
-
Photovoltaic
- PWM:
-
Pulse width modulation
- P TEC :
-
Thermo-electric power consumption
- P Sta :
-
Station pressure (milli-Bar)
- P w :
-
Saturation pressure of water vapor at 25 °C
- P a :
-
Atmospheric pressure
- Q H :
-
Amount of heat dissipated
- Q ad :
-
Amount of adsorbed water (mol-H2O/mol-LiAlO2)
- Q v :
-
Useful heat
- q e :
-
Rate of heat transferred via radiation (W/m2)
- RH:
-
Relative humidity (%)
- R m :
-
Electrical resistance
- SiO2 :
-
Silica gel
- T :
-
Ambient temperature (°C)
- T p :
-
Time period of light irradiation
- TEC:
-
Thermo-electric couples
- T H :
-
Hot side temperature (°C)
- T d :
-
Dew point temperature (°C)
- TSS:
-
Tubular solar still
- UV:
-
Ultra-violet
- VCC:
-
Vapor compression cycle
- \(\overline{\omega }_{{{\text{month}}}}\) :
-
Mean humidity ratio (kgwater/kgair)
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Siddiqui, M.A., Azam, M.A., Khan, M.M. et al. Current trends on extraction of water from air: an alternative solution to water supply. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20, 1053–1080 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-03965-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-03965-8