Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the zinc determination in aqueous samples: multivariate study

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A simple, rapid, and environment-friendly deep eutectic solvents-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DES-DLLME) technique has been developed to preconcentrate trace levels of zinc (Zn2+) as a sample preparation step prior to its determination with flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Deep eutectic solvent (DES) system of choline chloride (ChCl) and dodecanol efficiently extracted the metal–ligand complex (Zn2+-dithizone). Variables such as temperature, pH, incubation time, the volume of dispersive and extraction solvent, centrifugation rate and time, sample volume, and vortex time affecting the extraction efficacy of the proposed technique were screened by Plackett–Burman design. Central composite design was used for the optimization of significant variables. Under optimum conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) obtained were 0.09 µg L−1 and 0.30 µg L−1, respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was 6.67% (n = 5) with 99.8% recovery for Zn2+. After validation, the developed method was effectively used for the detection of trace level of Zn2+ in real water samples.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4.
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Acar O (2012) Evaluation of cadmium, lead, copper, iron and zinc in Turkish dietary vegetable oils and olives using electrothermal and flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Grasas Aceites 63(4):383–393

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ata S, Wattoo FH, Ahmed M, Wattoo MHS, Tirmizi SA, Wadood A (2015) A method optimization study for atomic absorption spectrophotometric determination of total zinc in insulin using direct aspiration technique. Alexandria J Med 51(1):19–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bağ H, Türker AR, Coşkun R, Saçak M, Yiğitoğlu M (2000) Determination of zinc, cadmium, cobalt and nickel by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after preconcentration by poly (ethylene terephthalate) fibers grafted with methacrylic acid. Spectrochim Acta B 55(7):1101–1108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berrueta L, Gallo B, Vicente F (1995) A review of solid phase extraction: basic principles and new developments. Chromatographia 40(7):474–483

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bulut VN, Gundogdu A, Duran C, Senturk HB, Soylak M, Elci L, Tufekci M (2007) A multi-element solid-phase extraction method for trace metals determination in environmental samples on Amberlite XAD-2000. J Hazard Mater 146(1–2):155–163

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cao J, Yang M, Cao F, Wang J, Su E (2017) Tailor-made hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents for cleaner extraction of polyprenyl acetates from Ginkgo biloba leaves. J Clean Prod 152:399–405

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carasek E, Bernardi G, do Carmo SN, Vieira C (2019) Alternative green extraction phases applied to microextraction techniques for organic compound determination. Separations 6(3):35

  • Catapano MC, Tvrdý V, Karlíčková J, Mercolini L, Mladěnka P (2018) A simple, cheap but reliable method for evaluation of zinc chelating properties. Bioorg Chem 77:287–292

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen J, Teo K (2001) Characterizing the risk assessment of heavy metals and sampling. Determination of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc in water samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after cloud point extraction. Anal Chim Acta 450(12):215–222

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng Q, Dong H (2005) Solvent sublation using dithizone as a ligand for determination of trace elements in water samples. Microchim Acta 150(1):59–65

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clayton GD, Clayton FE (1981) Patty’s industrial hygiene and toxicology. Vol. 2A. Toxicology: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Baffins Lane, Chichester, Sussex PO19 1DU

  • Dugheri S, Mucci N, Bonari A, Marrubini G, Cappelli G, Ubiali D, Campagna M, Montalti M, Arcangeli G (2020) Liquid phase microextraction techniques combined with chromatography analysis: a review. Acta Chromatogr 32(2):69–79

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fadigas JC, dos Santos AM, de Jesus RM, Lima DC, Fragoso WD, David JM, Ferreira SL (2010) Use of multivariate analysis techniques for the characterization of analytical results for the determination of the mineral composition of kale. Microchem J 96(2):352–356

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farajzadeh MA, Mogaddam MRA, Aghanassab M (2016) Deep eutectic solvent-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. Anal Methods 8(12):2576–2583

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gunatilake S (2015) Methods of removing heavy metals from industrial wastewater. Methods 1(1):14

    Google Scholar 

  • Habibollahi MH, Karimyan K, Arfaeinia H, Mirzaei N, Safari Y, Akramipour R, Sharafi H, Fattahi N (2019) Extraction and determination of heavy metals in soil and vegetables irrigated with treated municipal wastewater using new mode of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on the solidified deep eutectic solvent followed by GFAAS. J Sci Food Agr 99(2):656–665

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isambert N, Duque MdMS, Plaquevent J-C, Genisson Y, Rodriguez J, Constantieux T (2011) Multicomponent reactions and ionic liquids: a perfect synergy for eco-compatible heterocyclic synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 40(3):1347–1357

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kolachi N, Kazi T, Khan S, Wadhwa S, Baig J, Afridi H, Shah A, Shah F (2011) Multivariate optimization of cloud point extraction procedure for zinc determination in aqueous extracts of medicinal plants by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Food Chem Toxicol 49(10):2548–2556

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manisankar P, Vedhi C, Selvanathan G, Arumugam P (2008) Differential pulse stripping voltammetric determination of heavy metals simultaneously using new polymer modified glassy carbon electrodes. Microchim Acta 163(3–4):289–295

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mehta PS, Patel VB (2012) Spectrophotometric method for determination of Fe (II) and Zn (II) in multivitamin soft gel capsule. Int J Pharm Res Anal 2(2):87–91

    Google Scholar 

  • Memon MH, Worsfold PJ (1988) Analytical applications of microemulsions. Spectrophotometric determination of zinc using dithizone. Analyst 113(5):769–771

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohammadi SZ, Baghelani YM, Mansori F, Shamspur T, Afzali D (2012) Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the simultaneous separation of trace amounts of zinc and cadmium ions in water samples prior to flame atomic absorption spectrometry determination. Quim Nova 35(1):198–202

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nadia J, Shahbaz K, Ismail M, Farid MM (2018) Approach for polygodial extraction from pseudowintera colorata (horopito) leaves using deep eutectic solvents. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 6(1):862–871

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Panhwar AH, Kazi TG, Afridi HI, Shah F, Arain MB, Arain SA (2016) Evaluated the adverse effects of cadmium and aluminum via drinking water to kidney disease patients: application of a novel solid phase microextraction method. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 43:242–247

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plackett RL, Burman JP (1946) The design of optimum multifactorial experiments. Biometrika 33(4):305–325

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Plum LM, Rink L, Haase H (2010) The essential toxin: impact of zinc on human health. Int J Environ Res Pub Health 7(4):1342–1365

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quigley A, Cummins W, Connolly D (2016) Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction in the analysis of milk and dairy products: a review. J Chem. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4040165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qureshi ZS, Deshmukh KM, Bhanage BM (2014) Applications of ionic liquids in organic synthesis and catalysis. Clean Technol Environ Policy 16(8):1487–1513

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rezaee M, Assadi Y, Hosseini M-RM, Aghaee E, Ahmadi F, Berijani S (2006) Determination of organic compounds in water using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. J Chromatogr A 1116(1–2):1–9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roney N, Smith C, Williams M, Osier M, Paikoff S (2005) Toxicological profile for zinc agency for toxic substances and disease registry. Atlanta, GA

  • Schweitzer G, Honaker C (1958) The solvent extraction of zinc with dithizone. Anal Chim Acta 19:224–228

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sereshti H, Khojeh V, Samadi S (2011) Optimization of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled with inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry with the aid of experimental design for simultaneous determination of heavy metals in natural waters. Talanta 83(3):885–890

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shah F, Kazi TG, Afridi HI, Arain MB, Baig JA (2011) Cloud point extraction for determination of lead in blood samples of children, using different ligands prior to analysis by flame atomic absorption spectrometry: a multivariate study. J Hazard Mater 192(3):1132–1139

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shah F, Kazi TG, Afridi HI, Soylak M (2012) Temperature controlled ionic liquid-dispersive liquid phase microextraction for determination of trace lead level in blood samples prior to analysis by flame atomic absorption spectrometry with multivariate optimization. Microchem Journal 101:5–10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shah F, Muhammad H, Ullah A (2016) Multivariate optimization of “In capillary-Schiff’s base functionalized magnetic nanoparticle based microextraction” of Pb+ 2: a novel synergistic approach. Talanta 154:228–236

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shrivas K, Dewangan K, Ahmed A (2016) Surfactant-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the determination of zinc in environmental water samples using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal Methods 8(27):5519–5525

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silva EL, dos Santos RP, Giné MF (2009) Simultaneous preconcentration of copper, zinc, cadmium, and nickel in water samples by cloud point extraction using 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol and their determination by inductively coupled plasma optic emission spectrometry. J Hazard Mater 171(1–3):1133–1138

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soodan RK, Pakade YB, Nagpal A, Katnoria JK (2014) Analytical techniques for estimation of heavy metals in soil ecosystem: a tabulated review. Talanta 125:405–410

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tabrizi AB (2007) Cloud point extraction and spectrofluorimetric determination of aluminium and zinc in foodstuffs and water samples. Food Chem 100(4):1698–1703

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tormen L, Gil RA, Frescura VL, Martinez LD, Curtius AJ (2010) Determination of trace elements in biological samples treated with formic acid by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using a microconcentric nebulizer. Spectrochim Acta B 65(11):959–966

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wei G-T, Yang Z, Chen C-J (2003) Room temperature ionic liquid as a novel medium for liquid/liquid extraction of metal ions. Anal Chim Acta 488(2):183–192

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zawisza B, Sitko R (2012) Preconcentration of trace amounts of zinc and copper from water samples onto polystyrene foils prior to determination by wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. App Spectrosc 66(9):1082–1086

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeeb M, Sadeghi M (2011) Modified ionic liquid cold-induced aggregation dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by atomic absorption spectrometry for trace determination of zinc in water and food samples. Microchim Acta 175(1–2):159

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou Q, Zhao N, Xie G (2011) Determination of lead in environmental waters with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction prior to atomic fluorescence spectrometry. J Hazard Mater 189(1–2):48–53

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Dr. Faheem Shah would like to acknowledge COMSATS University Islamabad (Abbottabad Campus) for providing good research facilities to complete this project. We are also thankful to Mr. Farman Ullah (Instrumental lab, CUI-Abbottabad) for helping us in samples analysis via flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan

    B. Al Sayeda, F. Shah, R. A. Khan, B. Ismail & A. M. Khan

  2. Department of Chemistry, University of Turbat, Turbat, 92600, Balochistan, Pakistan

    N. Ullah

  3. National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan

    J. Nisar

Authors
  1. B. Al Sayeda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. F. Shah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. N. Ullah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. R. A. Khan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. B. Ismail
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. A. M. Khan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. J. Nisar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to F. Shah.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Editorial responsibility: Rangabhashiyam S.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 28 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Al Sayeda, B., Shah, F., Ullah, N. et al. Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the zinc determination in aqueous samples: multivariate study. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19, 8933–8944 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03756-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03756-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation