Abstract
Numerous studies have been reported regarding heavy metal concentrations in urban soils and plants but iron and manganese are very rarely investigated metals. Present study evaluated the spatial and temporal heterogeneity in concentration of iron and manganese in urban soils and eight ornamental plant species commonly grown on roadside of Faisalabad metropolitan (Pakistan). High concentrations of both metals were recorded from all the areas of the city. The mean concentration of iron in soils of various towns ranged from 6716 to 9119 mg kg–1 while manganese level existed between 354 and 746 mg kg−1. Plant species varied in accumulating metals in leaves. The highest accumulation reached up to 1860 mg kg−1 and 128.7 mg kg−1 for iron and manganese, respectively. Very conspicuous spatial disparity was noted in distribution of metals; temporally, the highest concentrations were recorded during summer season and the lowest during winter season. Traffic load and industrial units inequality caused the spatial variation while difference in temperature seems linked with temporal heterogeneity. Azadirachta indica and Bismarckia nobilis were noted as good bio-monitors. This study aimed at seeking measures to purify urban environment involving no expenses and risks.
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Acknowledgements
The cooperation rendered by Amna Zaffar and Muniba khanam during data collection is highly appreciated and acknowledged. We are thankful to Incharge Atomic Absorption Apparatus operations Hi-Tech Lab. University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, for timely performing heavy metal analysis.
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All the authors contributed for this article: MH: Contributed help in the selection of this project, collection of samples and write up. MA: Contributed help in analysis of samples and manuscript correction. FR: Provided facility in field work and improvement of manuscript. SU: Participated in collection of samples, performed analytical work. Tabulated the results and write up.
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I, Corresponding author, state on behalf of all the co-authors that there is no conflict of interest. The data presented in this article are a part of my Ph.D. research work. It was not funded by any Funding Agency.
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Umer, S., Hussain, M., Arfan, M. et al. Spatiotemporal variations of metals in urban roadside soils and ornamental plant species of Faisalabad Metropolitan, Pakistan. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19, 6491–6498 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03589-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03589-4