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Determination of bisphenol-A in plastic bottled water in markets of Zanjan, Iran

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Abstract

Each year, millions of tons of bisphenol-A (BPA) are produced and used in the global economy. In children, BPA exposure causes impaired brain development, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), as well as anxiety and metabolic-related disorders. Pregnant women, infants and young children face the greatest risk from BPA exposure. Under public pressure, BPA has been banned from baby bottles, but BPA is still being heavily used in the industry and numerous consumer products. Using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a UV detector (HPLC–UV), we measured BPA (mg L−1) in fifteen local brands of plastic bottled water (n = 24) which are sold in markets of Zanjan, Iran. BPA levels ranged between “non-detectable” to 0.98 mg L−1. Spearman correlation test did not detect significant relationships between BPA and bottle color, its volume, or water pH. BPA increased, though negligibly, with increasing storage time and sunlight exposure. The estimated daily intake (EDI) was 0.075 × 10–3 μg kg-bw−1 day−1. Levels of BPA in bottled waters of the City of Zanjan were negligible. Protection of humans, wildlife and planet earth requires nothing less than a total ban on BPA.

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Notes

  1. Not detectable.

Abbreviations

BPA: :

Bisphenol-A

EDI: :

Estimated Daily Intake

mg L − 1 : :

Parts-Per-Million

PET: :

Poly Ethylene Terephthalate

PC: :

Polycarbonate

WHO: :

World Health Organization

HPLC: :

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

LOD: :

Limit of Detection

LOQ: :

Limit of Quantification

EPA: :

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

EFSA: :

European Food Safety Authority

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank members of the Environmental Group at University of Zanjan for their support and contributions to this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran

    M. Parto, J. Aazami, Z. Shamsi & A. Zamani

  2. Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    M. Savabieasfahani

Authors
  1. M. Parto
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  2. J. Aazami
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  3. Z. Shamsi
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  4. A. Zamani
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  5. M. Savabieasfahani
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Correspondence to J. Aazami.

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The authors declared that they have no conflicts of interest.

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Editorial responsibility: Maryam Shabani.

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Parto, M., Aazami, J., Shamsi, Z. et al. Determination of bisphenol-A in plastic bottled water in markets of Zanjan, Iran. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19, 3337–3344 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03488-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03488-8

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