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Phosphonium-based hydrophobic ionic liquids with fluorous anions for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil

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Abstract

In this work, ionic liquids (ILs) containing the phosphonium cation and four different types of fluorous anions were synthesized and characterized with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analyser (CHNS) and thermogravimetric techniques. The catalytic transesterification properties of the prepared ILs were investigated through the synthesis of biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO). The biodiesel synthesis was performed in two-step processes. Initially, the WCO was esterified with sulphuric acid to reduce its acid value (0.7 mg KOH/g). Later the transesterification reaction was carried out with the prepared ILs, and the process was optimized with respect to IL types, catalyst loading, methanol–oil ratios, temperature, agitation speed and time. Tetrabutylphosphonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([TBP][NTf2]) was identified as a promising catalyst with the highest yield of biodiesel up to 81% at 4.5 wt% of IL loading, 18:1 ratio of methanol:WCO, 10 h of treatment time, 60 °C heating temperature and 600 rpm of agitation speed. The obtained product of biodiesel was characterized and analysed by different techniques, and its physicochemical properties were further determined using the known standard methods of American Society for Testing and Materials and European standards (ASTM and EN).

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Acknowledgements

The author gratefully acknowledges the financial assistance provided by the Centre of Research in Ionic Liquids (CORIL), all the research officers, Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), Malaysia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre of Research in Ionic Liquid, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 31750, Tronoh, Malaysia

    Z. Ullah, M. A. Bustam, Z. Man, A. S. Khan & A. Sarwono

  2. Department of Chemistry, Balochistan University of IT, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Takatu Campus, Quetta, 87100, Pakistan

    Z. Ullah

  3. Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology, Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 28100, Pakistan

    A. S. Khan

  4. Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan

    N. Muhammad

  5. National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan

    M. Farooq

  6. Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan

    S. N. Shah

  7. Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, 13100, Pakistan

    P. Ahmad

  8. Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia

    S. Haider

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  1. Z. Ullah
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  2. M. A. Bustam
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  3. Z. Man
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  6. N. Muhammad
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  7. M. Farooq
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  8. S. N. Shah
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  9. P. Ahmad
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  10. S. Haider
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Correspondence to Z. Ullah.

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Editorial responsibility: M. Abbaspour.

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Ullah, Z., Bustam, M.A., Man, Z. et al. Phosphonium-based hydrophobic ionic liquids with fluorous anions for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 16, 1269–1276 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-018-1735-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-018-1735-6

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