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Marine shell industrial wastes–an abundant source of chitin and its derivatives: constituents, pretreatment, fermentation, and pleiotropic applications-a revisit

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Abstract

Unscientific dumping of shellfishery waste is a major environmental concern worldwide and a serious threat to the coastal area. The shell wastes constitute of many commercially valuable products, such as, chitin, calcium carbonate, proteins, and carotenoids. Processing of shell wastes is a source of wealth. Chitin is one of the constituents of the shell wastes and also the most abundant biopolymer next to the cellulose. Calcium carbonate and proteins are the other valuable constituents of the shell wastes and can serve as a better animal feed supplement. Extraction of chitin and other valuable products from a complex mixture is cumbersome and requires consecutive pretreatment processes. Both chemical and fermentation routes of pretreatment strategies have been adopted to extract the chitin from the shell wastes, which are critically reviewed with their merits and demerits. The application of process intensification techniques, such as ultrasonication and microwave radiation, is also emphasized along with the recent advancement in the field of pretreatment processes. Pleiotropic industrial applications of chitin and its analogues are also discussed.

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Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Reprinted with permission from (Devi and Dhamodharan 2018). Copyright@American Chemical Society

Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Reprinted with permission from Wang et al. (2018). Copyright@American Chemical Society

Fig. 5

Reprinted with permission from Wang et al. (2018). Copyright@American Chemical Society

Fig. 6

Reprinted with permission from Sathiyabama and Manikandan (2018). Copyright@American Chemical Society

Fig. 7

Reprinted with permission from Sharma and Singh (2017). Copyright@American Chemical Society

Fig. 8

Reprinted with permission from—Nascimento et al. (2014). Copyright@American Chemical Society

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Acknowledgements

Nisha Suryawanshi thanks CSIR, New Delhi, for funding the fellowship for her Ph.D. Programme. We also thank National Institute of Technology for funding and support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, G.E. Road, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010, India

    N. Suryawanshi & S. E. Jujjavarapu

  2. Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Andhra Pradesh, Tadepalligudem, Andhra Pradesh, 534102, India

    S. Ayothiraman

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  1. N. Suryawanshi
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  2. S. E. Jujjavarapu
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  3. S. Ayothiraman
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Correspondence to S. Ayothiraman.

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Suryawanshi, N., Jujjavarapu, S.E. & Ayothiraman, S. Marine shell industrial wastes–an abundant source of chitin and its derivatives: constituents, pretreatment, fermentation, and pleiotropic applications-a revisit. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 16, 3877–3898 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-018-02204-3

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