Abstract
The rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker), feeds almost exclusively in paddy fields in most regions of the world. The study of its spatial distribution is fundamental for designing correct control strategies, improving sampling procedures, and adopting precise agricultural techniques. Field experiments were conducted during 2011 and 2012 to estimate the spatial distribution pattern of the overwintering larvae. Data were analyzed using five distribution indices and two regression models (Taylor and Iwao). All of the indices and Taylor’s model indicated random spatial distribution pattern of the rice stem borer overwintering larvae. Iwao’s patchiness regression was inappropriate for our data as shown by the non-homogeneity of variance, whereas Taylor’s power law fitted the data well. The coefficients of Taylor’s power law for a combined 2 years of data were a = −0.1118, b = 0.9202 ± 0.02, and r 2 = 96.81. Taylor’s power law parameters were used to compute minimum sample size needed to estimate populations at three fixed precision levels, 5, 10, and 25% at 0.05 probabilities. Results based on this equation parameters suggesting that minimum sample sizes needed for a precision level of 0.25 were 74 and 20 rice stubble for rice stem borer larvae when the average larvae is near 0.10 and 0.20 larvae per rice stubble, respectively.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arbab A, McNeill MR (2014) Spatial distribution and sequential sampling plans for adult Sitona humeralis Stephens (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in alfalfa. J Asia Pac Entomol 17:515–519
Atapour M, Moharramipour S (2009) Changes of cold hardiness, supercooling capacity, and major cryoprotectants in overwintering larvae of Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Environ Entomol 38:260–265
Cheng X, Chang C, Dai SM (2010) Responses of striped stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), from Taiwan to a range of insecticides. Pest Manag Sci 66:762–766
Debouzie D, Thioulouse J (1986) Statistics to find spatial and temporal structures in populations. In: Mangel M (ed) Pest control: operations and system analysis in fruit fly management, vol G11, NATO ASI Series. Springer, Berlin, pp 263–282
Elliott JM (1971) Some methods for the statistical analysis of samples of the benthic invertebrates. The ferry house Ambleside, Westmorland: freshwater biological association, scientific publication, No. 25
[FAO] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2004) The state of food and agriculture 2003–2004. Agricultural biotechnology: meeting the needs of the poor? (1 June 2005; www.fao.org/docrep/)
Farias PRS, Barbosa JC, Busoli AC (2001) Spatial distribution of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on corn crop. Neotrop Entomol 30:681–689
Ifoulis AA, Savopoulou-Soultani M (2006) Developing optimum sample size and multistage sampling plans for Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) larval infestation and injury in northern Greece. J Econ Entomol 99:1890–1898
Iwao S (1968) A new regression method for analyzing the aggregation pattern of animal populations. Res Popul Ecol 10:1–20
Jesus CR, Rodrigues RL (2008) Spatial distribution of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) larvae in three scales. Braz J Biol 68:2005–2010
Khaing O, Hormchan P, Jamornmarn S, Wongpiyasatid A (2002) Spatial dispersion and optimum sample size for cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae on cotton. Kasetsart J 36:235–241
Kumar SR, Rajak DC, Bajpai PK, Hasan SS (2007) Analysis of spatial pattern of population distribution of sugarcane early shoot borer, Chilo infuscatellus. J Indian Soc Stat 61:313–327
Kuno E (1991) Sampling and analysis of insect populations. Ann Rev Entomol 36:285–304
Lacey LA, Kaya HK (2007) Field manual of techniques in invertebrate pathology: application and evaluation of pathogens for control of insects and other invertebrate pests. Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands
Lindblade KA, Walker ED, Wilson ML (2000) Early warning of malaria epidemics in African highlands using anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) indoor resting density. J Med Entomol 37:666–674
Lloyd M (1967) Mean crowding. J Anim Ecol 36:1–30
Mitchell FL, Fuxa JR (1987) Distribution, abundance and sampling of fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in south-central Louisiana corn fields. Environ Entomol 16:453–458
Myers JH (1978) Selecting a measure of dispersion. Environ Entomol 7:619–621
Okolle JN, Mansor M, Ahmad AH (2006) Spatial distribution of banana skipper Erionota thrax L. (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) and its parasitoids in a Cavendish banana plantation, Penang, Malaysia. Insect Sci 13:381–389
Overholt WA, Ogedah K, Lammers PM (1994) Distribution and sampling of Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in maize and sorghum on the Kenya Coast. Bull Entomol Res 84:367–378
Pathak MD, Khan ZR (1994) Insect pests of rice. International Rice Research Institute, Manila, the Philippines
Rezwany N, Schahoeseini D (1977) Biologie und oekologie der reis stengel borer (Chilo suppressalis Walker). Appl Entomol Phytopathol 4:31–38
Serra GV, Trumper EV (2006) Sequential sampling protocols for Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), on Zea mays fields: influence of sampling unit size. Bull Entomol Res 96:471–477
Sétamou M, Schulthess F, Poehling H, Borgemeister C (2000) Spatial distribution of and sampling plans for Mussidia nigrivenella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on cultivated and wild host plants in Benin. Environ Entomol 29:1216–1225
Sétamou M, Flores D, French JV, Hall DG (2008) Dispersion patterns and sampling plans for Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in citrus. J Econ Entomol 101:1478–1487
Silva L, Vieira V, Tavares J (2003) Sampling plans for Pseudaletia unipuncta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae in Azorean pastures. Environ Entomol 32:1211–1218
Soemargono A, Muryati M, Hasyim A, Istianto M (2011) Spatial distribution pattern of the fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis complex (Diptera : Tephritidae) in mango orchard. J Agric Sci 33:207–213
Southwood TRE (1978) Ecological methods with particular reference to the study of insect populations. ELBS and Chapman and Hall, London
Stamp NE (1980) Egg deposition in butterflies: why do some species cluster their eggs rather than deposit them singly? Am Nat 115:367–380
Sun JZ, Du ZW (1991) Studies on the spatial pattern of striped stem borer, Chilo suppressalis, larvae in paddy fields. Acta Entomol Sin 34:303–310
Taylor LR (1961) Aggregation, variance and the mean. Nature 189:732–735
Vinatier F, Tixier P, Duyck PF, Lescourret F (2011) Factors and mechanisms explaining spatial heterogeneity: a review of methods for insect populations. Methods Ecol Evol 2:11–22
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Edited by Angelo Pallini – UFV
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Arbab, A. Spatial Distribution and Minimum Sample Size for Overwintering Larvae of the Rice Stem Borer Chilo suppressalis (Walker) in Paddy Fields. Neotrop Entomol 43, 415–420 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-014-0232-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-014-0232-y