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Development of dynamic headspace-liquid phase microextraction method performed in a home-made extraction vessel for extraction and preconcentration of 1,4-dioxane from shampoo

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Abstract

In the present study, a new, simple, rapid, and environmentally friendly headspace-liquid phase microextraction method followed by gas chromatography–flame ionization detection has been developed for the extraction/preconcentration and determination of 1,4-dioxane from shampoo. The developed procedure is performed in a home-made extraction vessel, connected to a glass vial containing sample and extraction solvent. In this method, an aliquot weight of shampoo is mixed with a binary mixture of n-hexane and dichloromethane (50:50, v/v) as the extractant and the target analyte is extracted during a liquid–liquid extraction procedure. Then a home-made extraction vessel containing a few microliters of a collection/extraction solvent is contacted to a glass vial containing the organic phase obtained from the previous step. By heating 1,4-dioxane is vaporized and enriched in a μL volume of the collection/extraction solvent. Then an aliquot volume of the collected phase is injected into the separation system. The effect of several factors which may influence performance of the method, including kind and volume of the extraction solvents used in both steps, extraction temperature, extraction time, and salt addition were evaluated. Under the optimum extraction conditions, limits of detection and quantification for the target analyte were obtained 0.52 and 1.73 μg kg−1, respectively. Enrichment factor and extraction recovery were 333 and 89 %, respectively. The method precision was evaluated at a concentration of 25 μg kg−1 and relative standard deviation was less than 6.9 % for intra-day (n = 6) and inter-day (n = 4) precisions. Finally, the proposed method has been successfully applied in analysis of 1,4-dioxane in different shampoo samples.

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Abbreviations

DHS-LPME:

Dynamic headspace-liquid phase microextraction

DMSO:

Dimethyl sulfoxide

EF:

Enrichment factor

ER:

Extraction recovery

FID:

Flame ionization detection

GC:

Gas chromatography

LLE:

Liquid–liquid extraction

LOD:

Limit of detection

LOQ:

Limit of quantification

RSD:

Relative standard deviation

SPE:

Solid phase extraction

SPME:

Solid phase microextraction

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank the Research Council of University of Tabriz for financial support and scientific encouragement. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

    Mir Ali Farajzadeh, Parinaz Nassiry & Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam

  2. Food and Drug Laboratories, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Ali Akbar Alizadeh Nabil

Authors
  1. Mir Ali Farajzadeh
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  2. Parinaz Nassiry
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  3. Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam
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  4. Ali Akbar Alizadeh Nabil
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Correspondence to Mir Ali Farajzadeh.

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Farajzadeh, M.A., Nassiry, P., Mogaddam, M.R.A. et al. Development of dynamic headspace-liquid phase microextraction method performed in a home-made extraction vessel for extraction and preconcentration of 1,4-dioxane from shampoo. J IRAN CHEM SOC 13, 1385–1393 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-016-0853-7

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