Abstract
In this work, the effects of silane-modified aluminum oxide (m-Al2O3) and ethylene–vinyl acetate grafted maleic anhydride (EVA-g-MAH)/m-Al2O3 hybrid fillers were studied on the mechanical and thermal properties of the ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA)/ternary polyamide (tPA) composites. Surface modification of the pristine Al2O3 was carried out with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) to enhance dispersion and compatibility of the inorganic filler into the EVA/tPA matrix. These fillers in the range of 20–40 wt% were blended into the composites and their properties were evaluated. FTIR technique was used to investigate the treated Al2O3 fillers. Experimental results showed that the thermal stability and conductivity of EVA/tPA/(m-Al2O3/EVA-g-MAH) with a ratio of 42/18/40 wt% improved significantly up to a differences of 326 ℃ and 0.178 W/m K compared to the neat EVA/tPA composite. Hybrid fillers modified with silane coupling agent and EVA-g-MAH were more effective to improve both tensile and tear strengths. The tensile strength of the EVA/tPA/(m-Al2O3/EVA-g-MAH) composite with a ratio of 49/21/30 wt% increased up to 66% compared to the neat EVA/tPA. Additionally, DSC analysis showed that the melting temperature was not significantly affected. The findings suggested that a silane modification and EVA-g-MAH compatibilizer approach for Al2O3 filler could be considered in the future research work to develop better thermally stable reinforced composites. As they showed great potentials in automotive and oil pipeline applications.
Graphical abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahmed J, Mushtaq S, Adeel M (2021) Fabrication of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer/polyamide/modified sepiolite composite with improved physical properties via e-beam irradiation. Radiat Phys Chem 189:109779
Ahmed J, Zhang Y (2021) Effect of electron beam irradiation on the thermal and mechanical properties of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer/polyamide blends. Polym Polym Compos 29:714–723
Mohd Zaini NA, Ismail H, Rusli A (2018) Sepiolite hybridized commercial fillers, and their effects on curing process, mechanical properties, thermal stability, and flammability of ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber composites. Iran Polym J 27:663–675
Alsayed Z, Awad R, Badawi MS (2020) Thermo-mechanical properties of high density polyethylene with zinc oxide as a filler. Iran Polym J 29:309–320
Elkhouly HI, Abdel-Magied RK, Aly MF (2019) Date palm seed as suitable filler material in glass—epoxy composites. Iran Polym J 28:65–73
Mahdi MA, Yousefi SR, Jasim LS, Salavati-Niasari M (2022) Green synthesis of DyBa2Fe3O7.988/DyFeO3 nanocomposites using almond extract with dual eco-friendly applications: photocatalytic and antibacterial activities. Int J Hydrog Energy 47:14319–14330
Yousefi SR, Ghanbari M, Amiri O, Marzhoseyni Z, Mehdizadeh P, Hajizadeh-Oghaz M, Salavati-Niasari M (2021) Dy2BaCuO5/Ba4DyCu3O9.09 S-scheme heterojunction nanocomposite with enhanced photocatalytic and antibacterial activities. J Am Ceram Soc 104:2952–2965
Yousefi SR, Alshamsi HA, Amiri O, Salavati-Niasari M (2021) Synthesis, characterization and application of Co/Co3O4 nanocomposites as an effective photocatalyst for discoloration of organic dye contaminants in wastewater and antibacterial properties. J Mol Liq 337:116405
Yousefi SR, Sobhani A, Alshamsi HA, Salavati-Niasari M (2021) Green sonochemical synthesis of BaDy2NiO5/Dy2O3 and BaDy2NiO5/NiO nanocomposites in the presence of core almond as a capping agent and their application as photocatalysts for the removal of organic dyes in water. RSC Adv 11:11500–11512
Yousefi SR, Amiri O, Salavati-Niasari M (2019) Control sonochemical parameter to prepare pure Zn0.35Fe2.65O4 nanostructures and study their photocatalytic activity. Ultrason Sonochem 58:104619
Yousefi SR, Masjedi-Arani M, Morassaei MS, Salavati-Niasari M, Moayedi H (2019) Hydrothermal synthesis of DyMn2O5/Ba3Mn2O8 nanocomposite as a potential hydrogen storage material. Int J Hydrog Energy 44:24005–24016
Yousefi SR, Sobhani A, Salavati-Niasari M (2017) A new nanocomposite superionic system (CdHgI4/HgI2): synthesis, characterization and experimental investigation. Adv Powder Technol 28:1258–1262
Yousefi SR, Ghanbari D, Salavati-Niasari M, Hassanpour M (2016) Photo-degradation of organic dyes: simple chemical synthesis of Ni(OH)2 nanoparticles, Ni/Ni(OH)2 and Ni/NiO magnetic nanocomposites. J Mater Sci Mater 27:1244–1253
Yousefi SR, Ghanbari D, Salavati-Niasari M (2016) Hydrothermal synthesis of nickel hydroxide nanostructures and flame retardant poly vinyl alcohol and cellulose acetate nanocomposites. J Nanostruct 6:80–85
Shiva M, Akhtari SS, Shayesteh M (2020) Effect of mineral fillers on physico-mechanical properties and heat conductivity of carbon black-filled SBR/butadiene rubber composite. Iran Polym J 29:957–974
Koohestani B, Ganetri I, Yilmaz E (2017) Effects of silane modified minerals on mechanical, microstructural, thermal, and rheological properties of wood plastic composites. Compos Part B Eng 111:103–111
Bunekar N, Tsai T-Y, Huang J-Y, Chen S-J (2018) Investigation of thermal, mechanical and gas barrier properties of polypropylene-modified clay nanocomposites by micro-compounding process. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 88:252–260
Tsai TY, Laio J-R, Bunekar N (2015) Preparation and characterization of PET/LDH or clay nanocomposites through the microcompounding process. J Chin Chem Soc 62:547–553
Park S-J, Cho K-S (2003) Filler–elastomer interactions: influence of silane coupling agent on crosslink density and thermal stability of silica/rubber composites. J Colloid Interface Sci 267:86–91
Ho SH, Supri AG, Ismail H (2015) Enhancing interfacial adhesion of potash feldspar with silane (Si-69) coupling agent on properties of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)/natural rubber (NR)/potash feldspar composites. J Adv Res Mater Sci 11:8–19
Mousa A, Heinrich G, Wagenknecht U (2012) The effect of silane treated hybrid filler on the mechanical and thermal performance of carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber (XNBR) composites. Int Polym Process 27:328–333
Pai F-C, Chu H-H, Lai S-M (2020) Preparation and properties of thermally conductive PLA/PA 610 biomass composites. J Elastomers Plast 52:53–69
Qu M, Nilsson F, Qin Y, Yang G, Pan Y, Liu X, Hernandez Rodriguez G, Chen J, Zhang C, Schubert DW (2017) Electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of melt-spun ternary composites comprising PMMA, carbon fibers and carbon black. Compos Sci Technol 150:24–31
Ahmed J, Wu J, Mushtaq S, Zhang Y (2020) Effects of electron beam irradiation and multi-functional monomer/co-agents on the mechanical and thermal properties of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer/polyamide blends. Mater Today Commun 23:100840
Tuskaev VA, Gagieva SC, Bogdanov VS, Kurmaev DA, Melnikova EK, Saracheno D, Buzin MI, Golubev EK, Kechek’yan AS, Myagkova KZ, Denisov GL, Bulychev BM (2021) Binuclear Ti(IV) complex with new compartmental ligand 2,6-(bis-CF3-carbinol)-4-tert-butylphenol as precatalysts for ethylene polymerization and its copolymerization with propylene and 5-ethylidene-norbornene. Appl Organomet Chem 35:e6396
Wondu E, Lule Z, Kim J (2019) Thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of thermoplastic polyurethane-/silane-modified Al2O3 composite fabricated via melt compounding. Polymers 11:1103
Kim K, Kim M, Kim J (2014) Enhancement of the thermal and mechanical properties of a surface-modified boron nitride–polyurethane composite. Polym Adv Technol 25:791–798
Lule Z, Kim J (2019) Surface modification of aluminum nitride to fabricate thermally conductive poly (butylene succinate) nanocomposite. Polymers 11:148
Zhou W (2011) Effect of coupling agents on the thermal conductivity of aluminum particle/epoxy resin composites. J Mater Sci 46:3883–3889
Ming Y, Zhou Z, Hao T, Nie Y (2022) Polymer Nanocomposites: role of modified filler content and interfacial interaction on crystallization. Eur Polym J 162:110894
Acknowledgements
We are extremely grateful to our school for providing us with materials and supporting us with sample characterization.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Ahmed, J., Mushtaq, S. Effects of silane-modified Al2O3 and its hybrid filler on thermal stability and mechanical properties of ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer/polyamide composites. Iran Polym J 31, 1571–1581 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-022-01091-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-022-01091-3