Abstract
The present work deals with the synthesis of a biodegradable interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) consisting of natural polysaccharide aloe vera, acrylamide and acrylic acid. Biodegradability of the synthesized IPN was studied through soil burial and composting methods. The synthesized IPN was completely degraded within 70 days through the composting method and showed 91% degradation within 77 days through the soil burial method. Evidence of biodegradation of the synthesized IPN was studied by different techniques, for instance Fourier infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The synthesized IPN was used as a device for the removal of malachite green dye. The effect of different reaction parameters on IPN synthesis and dye removal was investigated. The maximum dye adsorption occurred at pH 4.5, because at this pH methylene green dye molecules are present in monomeric state. The result of Weber–Morris intra-particle diffusion showed that the rate-limiting step was not the intra-particle diffusion. The adsorption isotherm models, i.e., Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin–Radushkevich, Temkin, Redlich–Peterson and Sips, were studied and it was found that the Langmuir was the best-fitting model for the experimental data. An increase in temperature resulted in a decrease in malachite green dye removal, suggesting that the adsorption process was exothermic in nature. This synthesis is important from industrial viewpoints.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Saruchi KV (2016) Adsorption kinetics and isotherms for the removal of rhodamine B dye and Pb+2 ions from aqueous solutions by a hybrid ion-exchanger. Arab J Chem. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2016.11.009
Mahida VP, Patel MP (2016) Removal of some most hazardous cationic dyes using novel poly (NIPAAm/AA/N-allylisatin) nanohydrogel. Arab J Chem 9:430–442
Mu B, Wang A (2016) Adsorption of dyes onto palygorskite and its composites: a review. J Environ Chem Eng 4:1274–1294
Hoare TR, Kohane DS (2008) Hydrogels in drug delivery: progress and challenges. Polymer 49:1993–2007
Wang Y, Wang W, Wang A (2013) Efficient adsorption of methylene blue on an alginate-based nanocomposite hydrogel enhanced by organo-illite/smectite clay. Chem Eng J 228:132–139
Bekiari V, Lianos P (2010) Poly(sodium acrylate) hydrogels as potential pH-sensitive sorbents for the removal of organic and inorganic pollutant from water. Glob NEST J 12::262–269
Sahu PK, Giri DD, Singh R, Pandey P, Gupta S, Shrivastava AK, Kumar A, Pandey KD (2013) Therapeutic and medicinal uses of aloe vera: a review. Pharmacol Pharm 4:599–610
Pereira RF, Mendes A, Bartolo PJ (2013) Novel alginate/aloe vera hydrogel blends as wound dressings for the treatment of several types of wounds. Chem Eng Trans 32:1009–1014
Yewegnon N, Philippe S, Abdoukarim A, Alassane YAK, Pascal AC, Daouda M, Dominique SKC (2016) Evaluation of aloe vera leaf gel as a natural flocculant: phytochemical screening and turbidity removal trials of water by coagulation flocculation. Res J Recent Sci 5:9–15
Khyati O, Vranda S, Gupta S, Suseem SR (2013) Formulation and evaluation of hydrogel with ascorbic acid using aloe vera gel powder as a drug carrier. Innovare J Sci 1:18–20
Surjushe A, Vasani R, Saple DG (2008) Aloe vera: a short review. Ind J Dermatol 53:163–166
Kezerle SGA, Velić N, Hasenay D, Kovačević D (2018) Lignocellulosic materials as dye adsorbents: adsorption of methylene blue and Congo red on brewers’ spent grain. Croat Chem Acta 91:53–64
Bhatia D, Sharma NR, Singh J, Kanwar RS (2017) Biological methods for textile dye removal from wastewater: a review. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 47:1836–1876
Kyzas G, Bikiaris ND, Mitropoulos AC (2017) Chitosan adsorbents for dye removal: a review. Polym Int 66:1800–1811
Kaith BS, Jindal R, Bhatti MS (2012) Screening and RSM optimization for synthesis of a Gum tragacanth—acrylic acid based device for in situ controlled cetirizine dihydrochloride release. Soft Matter 8:2286–2293
Mittal H, Kaith BS, Jindal R (2010) Microwave radiation induced synthesis of Gum ghatti and acrylamide based crosslinked network and evaluation of its thermal and electrical behaviour. Pelagia Res Lib Der Chem Sinica 1:59–69
Arutchelvi J, Sudhakar M, Arkatkar A, Doble M, Bhaduri S, Uppara PV (2008) Biodegradation of polyethylene and polypropylene. Ind J Biotechnol 7:9–22
Albertsson AC, Anderson SO, Karlsson S (1987) The mechanism of biodegradation of polyethylene. Polym Degrad Stab 18:73–87
Kaith BS, Jindal R, Kumar V (2015) Biodegradation of Gum tragacanth acrylic acid based hydrogel and its impact on soil fertility. Polym Degrad Stab 115:24–31
Kaith BS, Kumar V, Jindal R (2016) Biodegradation study of enzymatically catalyzed interpenetrating polymer network: evaluation of agrochemical release and impact on soil fertility. Biotechnol Rep 19:74–81
Abd Alla SG, Sen M, El-Naggara AWM (2012) Swelling and mechanical properties of superabsorbent hydrogels based on Tara gum/acrylic acid synthesized by gamma radiation. Carbohydr Polym 89:478–485
Mittal H, Kumar V, Ray SS (2016) Adsorption of methyl violet from aqueous solution using gum xanthan/Fe3O4 based nanocomposite hydrogel. Int J Biol Macromol 89:1–11
Doǧan M, Alkan M, Türkyilmaz A, Özdemir YG (2004) Kinetics and mechanism of removal of methylene blue by adsorption onto perlite. J Hazard Mater 109:141–148
Chieng HL, Lim LBL, Priyantha N (2015) Sorption characteristics of peat from Brunei Darussalam for the removal of rhodamine B dye from aqueous solution: adsorption isotherms, thermodynamics, kinetics and regeneration studies. Desalin Water Treat 55:664–677
Hamdaoui O, Naffrechoux E (2007) Modeling of adsorption isotherms of phenol and chlorophenols onto granular activated carbon: part II. Models with more than two parameters. J Hazard Mater 147:401–411
Chiou M-S, Li H-Y (2002) Equilibrium and kinetic modeling of adsorption of reactive dye on cross-linked chitosan beads. J Hazard Mater 93:233–248
Langmuir I (1918) The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica and platinum. J Am Chem Soc 40:1361–1403
Kinniburgh DG (1986) General purpose adsorption isotherms. Environ Sci Technol 20:895–904
Gupta VK, Pathania D, Agarwal S, Sharma S (2013) Removal of Cr(VI) onto Ficus carica biosorbent from water. Environ Sci Pollut Res 20:2632–2644
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the Punjab Technical University and NIT Jalandhar for providing facility to carry out this research work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Saruchi, Kumar, V., Rehani, V. et al. Microwave-assisted synthesis of biodegradable interpenetrating polymer network of aloe vera–poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) for removal of malachite green dye: equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamic studies. Iran Polym J 27, 913–926 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-018-0665-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-018-0665-y