Abstract
Olax psittacorum (Lam.) Vahl. has versatile ethnopharmacological healing property in addition with incomplete research are adequate pieces of information to support the choice of the plant to build up proper data in acute and sub-chronic toxicological, cytotoxicity with ex vivo and in vivo antioxidant profile as well as qualitative analytical illustration through GC–MS of the selected extracts obtained from different parts of the plant. We have extracted leaf methanolic extract (LME), stem methanolic extract (SME), stem aqueous extract (SAE) and fruits aqueous extract (FrAE) for the above mentioned respective studies. OECD guideline 420 and 407, brine shrimp lethality (BSLA), lipid peroxidation, catalase assay was conducted to gather information on toxicity, cytotoxicity, and antioxidant properties respectively. BSLA study indicates that LME may be a good choice to develop as an anticancer drug for future perspective (LC50 = 41.88 µg/ml). Both LME and SME have been selected for ex vivo and in vivo antioxidant analysis on the basis of their low toxicity and GCMS analysis. Moreover, in vivo lipidperoxidation as well as catalase assay both having significant difference (P < 0.05) between the groups except LME 200 and positive control (P = 0.084) as well as LME 200 and SME 100 (P = 0.054) respectively. This study justifies that high dose exposure of FrAE, SAE, and SME could be so toxic due to changes in biochemical parameters and in comparison, LME is safer according to the significant (P < 0.05) outcome statistically. LME and SME are safe to consume at a dose of ≤ 200 mg/kg/bw as herbal supplements with antioxidant property.
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Abbreviations
- LME:
-
Leaf methanolic extract
- SME:
-
Stem methanolic extract
- FrAE:
-
Fruit aqueous extract
- SAE:
-
Stem aqueous extract
- TG:
-
Test guidelines
- OECD:
-
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
- GC-MS:
-
Gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy
- mg:
-
Milligram
- kg:
-
Kilogram
- bw:
-
Body weight
- BSLA:
-
Brine shrimp lethality assay
- p.o. :
-
Per os (orally)
- ANOVA:
-
Analysis of variance
- LD50 :
-
Lethal dose
- LC50 :
-
Lethal concentration
- ALP:
-
Alkaline phosphatase
- ALT:
-
Alanine aminotransferase
- AST:
-
Aspartate aminotransferase
- WBC:
-
white blood cell
- RBC:
-
Red blood cells
- PCV:
-
Packed cell volume
- MCV:
-
Mean corpuscular volume
- MCH:
-
Mean corpuscular haemoglobin
- MCHC:
-
Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration
- HCT:
-
Haematocrit
- SPS:
-
School of pharmaceutical sciences
- SOA:
-
Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University
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Acknowledgements
Authors acknowledge to the Dean of the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University for providing us facility and environment to conduct the work. We honestly acknowledge Regional Plant Research Centre (RPRC), Bhubaneswar for authenticating the plant for this work, the department of pathology of SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, India. Our sincere acknowledgment to Central Instrumentation laboratory (CIL), Sophisticated Analytical Instrumentation Facility (SAIF), Punjab University, Chandigarh for their service in GC–MS studies. We are also very thankful to Jyoti Laboratory (Pathological Laboratory), Dharmanagar, Tripura, to serve the service regarding all the biochemistry, haematological and preparation of slides for histopathological investigations of in vivo studies.
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The authors of this research work have significantly (P < 0.05) contributed to fulfilling the needs as (1) achievement of data and its interpretation, summarising the article; (2) formation of study design and its execution with proper way; (3) examining the data with proper relevant and its final approval.
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This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors; all institutional and national guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals were followed. Measurement of biochemistry with haematological details and histopathological studies were conducted according to the guidelines of Institutional Animal Ethical committee of the pharmacological department of school of pharmaceutical sciences, SOA University. The animal studies were performed after receiving approval of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) in Siksha `O' Anusandhan University (IACUC approval No. 01-15-IAEC-SPS-SOAU).
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Raja Majumder has no conflict of interest. Lopamudra Adhikari has no conflict of interest. Chowdhury Mobaswar Hossain has no conflict of interest. Moonmun Dhara has no conflict of interest. Jinamitra Sahu has no conflict of interest
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List of chemicals and drugs
List of chemicals and drugs
Sl. nos. | Name of the chemicals and drugs |
|---|---|
01 | Potassium dichromate |
02 | Sodium chloride |
03 | Potassium dihydrogen phosphate |
04 | Sodium hydroxide |
05 | Ferrus sulphate |
06 | Tricloro aceticacid (TCA) |
07 | Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) |
08 | Acetic acid |
09 | Ascorbic acid |
10 | Silymarin |
11 | Carbon tetrachloride |
12 | hydrochloric acid |
13 | Hydrogen peroxide |
14 | Petroleum ether |
15 | Methanol |
16 | Distilled water |
17 | Ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid (EDTA) |
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Majumder, R., Adhikari, L., Hossain, C.M. et al. Toxicological evaluation, brine shrimp lethality assay, in vivo and ex vivo antioxidant assessment followed by GC–MS study of the extracts obtained from Olax psittacorum (Lam.) Vahl. ADV TRADIT MED (ADTM) 20, 303–325 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13596-019-00384-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13596-019-00384-y