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Sub-acute toxicity study of the aqueous extract from leaves and flowers of Acmella caulirhiza on female albino Wistar rats

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Abstract

Object

Acmella caulirhiza is a medicinal plant traditionally widely used in Cameroon for the management of several pathologies, hence the need for confirming its pharmacological properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the subacute toxicity of the aqueous extract of leaves and flowers of A. caulirhiza (AE-AC) on Wistar rats.

Methods

Three groups of female rats received the aqueous extract of A. caulirhiza (AE-AC) at 100, 250, or 500 mg kg−1 Bw doses respectively while a normal group (NG) received distilled water by oral intubation at 10 mL kg−1 Bw daily for 28 days. Animals were weighed every 4 days, death and general toxicity signs were recorded. At the end, rats were fasted for 12 h and after diazepam and ketamine anaesthesia, they were sacrificed; blood was collected for blood count and biochemical analysis. The liver integrity was assessed through transaminase activities, total protein, total cholesterol, and glucose levels, and the kidney integrity through the evaluation of uric acid, and electrolytes level. Histology of some vital organs was also carried out.

Results

Administration of the extract did not result in death or any observable deleterious effects in rats. No difference in body weight variation of the animals was noted. At 100 and 250 mg/kg Bw doses, AE-AC induced hepatic (through the decrease in transaminase activities and total cholesterol level) and nephroprotective effects (through the decrease in creatinine, uric acid and electrolyte levels) and no change of microarchitecture among treated rats compared to the control group. AE-AC led to an increase in the relative weight of the brain, uterus, and ovaries as well as a change in some haematological parameters compared to normal rats.

Conclusion

Results indicate that AE-AC had immune-stimulatory effects on rats but could have deleterious effects at 500 mg/kg Bw.

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Data availability

The data employed to support the conclusions of the study are available upon request to the corresponding author.

Abbreviations

AE-AC:

The aqueous extract of Acmella caulirhiza

ALAT:

Alanine Amino Transferase

ASAT:

Aspartate Amino Transferase

Hb:

Hemoglobin

Hcte:

Hematocrit

Lymp:

Lymphocytes

MCHC:

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration

MCH:

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin

MCV:

Mean corpuscular volume

Mon:

Monocytes

NIH:

National Institutes of Health

OECD:

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

PCV:

Packed cell volume

PLT:

Platelet

RBC:

Red blood cell

WBC:

White blood cells

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the Laboratory of Animal Physiology of the University of Yaounde 1 and the University Hospital of Yaounde 1 for their technical support in histopathology analysis.

Funding

No funding was provided for this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Nutrition and Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaounde 1, P.O Box: 812, Yaounde, Cameroon

    Huiny Miriane Fotso Tienoue, Françoise Raïssa Ntentie, Mary-Ann Angie Mbong, Ferdinand Larvin Ebouel Edoun, Inelle Makamwe, Janvier Aimé Fotso Youovop & Enyong Julius Oben

  2. Department of Biological Science, Higher Teachers’ Training College, University of Yaounde 1, P.O Box: 47, Yaounde, Cameroon

    Françoise Raïssa Ntentie

  3. Centre for Food and Nutrition Research, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, MINRESI, P.O Box 13033, Yaounde, Cameroon

    Ferdinand Larvin Ebouel Edoun

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Contributions

HMFT, MAAM and FRN designed of the study. HMFT, IM and FLEE realized the experimentation. HMFT and JAFY have analyzed and interpreted the results. HMFT and FLEE have written the manuscript. MAAM, FRN, and EJO revised it. All authors have read and agreed to the final draft.

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Correspondence to Françoise Raïssa Ntentie.

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Conflict of interest

Conflict of interest Huiny Miriane Fotso Tienoue, Françoise Raïssa Ntentie, Mary-Ann Angie Mbong, Ferdinand Larvin Ebouel Edoun, Inelle Makamwe, Janvier Aimé Fotso Youovop, and Enyong Julius Oben declare that we have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

The study was approved by the Institutional Committee for Animal and Human Bioethics, CRFD-SVSE of the University of Yaoundé I. The animals were treated following the Institute's guidelines of the National Institutional Ethics Committee of Cameroon (Council EEC 86/609), which has adopted all the protocols recommended by the European Union on the safety of animals in scientific research.

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Tienoue, H.M.F., Ntentie, F.R., Mbong, MA.A. et al. Sub-acute toxicity study of the aqueous extract from leaves and flowers of Acmella caulirhiza on female albino Wistar rats. Toxicol. Environ. Health Sci. 15, 227–237 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13530-023-00176-7

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