Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Investigating moral ideology, ethical beliefs, and moral intensity among consumers of Pakistan

  • Published:
Asian Journal of Business Ethics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The purpose of the study is to empirically examine moral ideology, ethical beliefs, and moral intensity in the context of Pakistan. Jones (Academy of Management Review, 16(2), 366–395, 1991) model and Muncy and Vitell (Journal of Business Research, 24, 297–311, 1992) have extensively been investigated and validated in west for examining ethical decision-making process. This study examines and validates these models in a collectivist cultural settings, i.e., Pakistan. A self-administered online survey technique using convenience sampling technique was used to gather data from a sample of 1000 consumers in Pakistan. Final analysis was carried out on 338 valid responses. Data was analyzed using from descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and model estimation carried out AMOS. Cronbach’s α was used to test the reliability of the instrument. A majority of the consumers were high on idealism and low on relativism. Consumers dejected questionable activities that have harmful outcomes more than ones that have harmless outcomes. Both idealism and relativism are found to significant predict moral intensity. However, no relationship has been found between moral ideology and ethical beliefs. Consumer’s ethical beliefs are found to significantly affect moral intensity and behavioral intention. Social moral intensity is found to mediate the relationship of relativism and harmful ethical beliefs. The study is among the pioneer studies in Pakistan that examines the link of moral ideology, moral intensity, and ethical beliefs. The study provides an Urdu version of scales that can be utilized for further exploration and validation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Akram, M., & Azad, M. K. K. (2011). Attitude towards business ethics: comparison of public & private organizations in Pakistan. International Journal of Economics and Management Sciences, 1(3), 73–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Albert, L. S., & Horowitz, M. (2009). Attachment styles and ethical behavior: their relationship and significance in the marketplace. Journal of Business Ethics, 87(3), 299–316. doi:10.1007/sl0551-008-9918-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Al-khatib, J. A., & Vitell, S. J. (1997). Consumer ethics: a cross-cultural investigation. European Journal of Marketing, 31(11/12), 750–767. doi:10.1108/03090569710190514 D.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Khatib, J. A., Dobie, K., & Vitell, S. J. (1995). Consumer ethics in developing countries: an empirical investigation. Journal of Euro-Marketing 4(2), 87–109.

  • Al-Khatib, J. A., Vitell, S. J., Rexeisen, R., & Rawwas, M. (2005). Inter-country differences of consumer ethics in Arab countries. International Business Review, 14(4), 495–516. doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2005.04.001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Attia, A., Shankarmahesh, M. N., & Singhapakdi, A. (1999). Marketing ethics: a comparison of American and middle-eastern marketers. International Business Review, 8(5–6), 611–632. doi:10.1016/S0969-5931(99)00022-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bakir, A., & Vitell, S. J. (2010). The ethics of food advertising targeted toward children: parental viewpoint. Journal of Business Ethics, 91(2), 299–311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barnett, T., Bass, K., & Brown, G. (1996). Religiosity, ethical ideology, and intentions to report a peer’s wrongdoing. Journal of Business Ethics, 15(11), 1161–1174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett, M. S. (1954). A note on the multiplying factors for various chi square approximations. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 16, 296–298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bass, K., Barnett, T., & Brown, G. (1999). Individual difference variables, ethical judgments, and ethical behavioral intentions. Business Ethics Quarterly, 9(2), 183–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boomer, M., Gratto, C., Gravander, J., & Tuttle, M. (1987). A behavioral model of ethical and unethical decision making. Journal of Business Ethics, 6(4), 265–280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boyle, B. A. (2000). The impact of customer characteristics and moral philosophies on ethical judgments of salespeople. Journal of Business Ethics, 23(3), 249–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brinkmann, J. (2004). Looking at consumer behavior in a moral perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 51(2), 129–141 Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/25379179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brislin, R., Cushner, C., Cherrie, C., & Young, M. (1986). Intercultural interactions: a practical guide. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrne, B. M. (1989). A primer of LISREL: a basic application and programming for confirmatory factor analytic models. New York: Springer-Verlag.

  • Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: basic concepts, applications, and programming (2nd ed.). LLC: Taylor and Francis Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, D. S., Kacmar, K. M., & Wadsworth, L. L. (2009). The impact of moral intensity dimensions on ethical decision making: assesing the relevance of orientation. Journal of Managerial Issues, 21(4), 534–551.

    Google Scholar 

  • Catell, R. B. (1966). The scree test for number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1, 245–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheema, K. U. R., Imtiaz, N., & Shafiq, Y. (2013). An empirical study of consumer ethics: a comparative study of two firms of Faisalabad, Pakistan. Journal of Business and Management Sciences, 1(3), 32–35. doi:10.12691/jbms-1-3-1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Childers, T. L., & Rao, A. R. (1992). The influence of familial on and peer-based reference groups on consumer decisions. Journal of Consumer Research, 19(2), 198–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Craft, J. L. (2012). A review of the empirical ethical decision-making literature: 2004-2011. Journal of Business Ethics, 117(2), 221–259. doi:10.1007/s10551-012-1518-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dubinsky, A. J., & Loken, B. (1989). Analyzing ethical decision making in marketing. Journal of Business Research, 19(2), 83–107. doi:10.1016/0148-2963(89)90001-5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Egan, V., Hughes, N., & Palmer, E. J. (2015). Moral disengagement, the dark triad, and unethical consumer attitudes. Personality and Individual Differences, 76, 123–128. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.11.054.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elias, R. Z. (2002). Determinants of earnings management ethics among accountants. Journal of Business Ethics, 40(1), 33–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erffmeyer, R. C., Keillor, B. D., Leclair, D. T., & Leclair, D. T. (1999). An empirical investigation of Japanese ethics consumer. Journal of Business Ethics, 18(1), 35–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4, 272–299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrell, O. C., & Gresham, L. (1985). A contingency framework for understanding ethical decision making in marketing. Journal of Marketing, 87–96.

  • Ferrell, O. C., Gresham, L. G., & Fraedrich, J. (1989). A synthesis of ethical decision models for marketing. Journal of Macromarketing, Sage Social Sciences Collection, 55–64.

  • Forsyth, D. R. (1980). A taxonomy of ethical ideologies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(1), 175–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forsyth, D. R. (1985). Individual differences in information integration during moral judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 264–272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forsyth, D. R., & O’Boyle, E. H. (2011). Rules, standards, and ethics: relativism predicts cross-national differences in the codification of moral standards. International Business Review, 20(3), 353–361. doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2010.07.008.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frazier, P. A., Tix, A. P., & Barron, K. E. (2004). Testing moderator and mediator effects in counseling psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(1), 115–134. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.51.1.115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gentina, E., Shrum, L. J., Lowrey, T. M., Vitell, S. J., & Rose, G. M. (2016). An integrative model of the influence of parental and peer support on consumer ethical beliefs: the mediating role of self-esteem, power, and materialism. Journal of Business Ethics, 1–14. doi:10.1007/s10551-016-3137-3.

  • Hair, J. F. J., Black, B. J., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis. Essex, England: Pearson Education Limited.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs, 76(4), 408–420. doi:10.1080/03637750903310360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: international differences in work related values. Baverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. (2010). Cultural dimensions. Retrieved February 16, 2010, from http://www.geert-hofstede.com/hofstede_dimensions.php

  • Hunt, S. D., & Vitell, S. (1986). The general theory of marketing ethics. Journal of Macromarketing, Sage Social Science Collections, 5–16.

  • Ilyas, S., Hussain, M. F., & Usman, M. (2011). An integrative framework for consumer behavior: evidence from Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(4), 120–129. doi:10.5539/ijbm.v6n4p120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, T. M. (1991). Ethical decision making by individuals in organizations: an issue-contigent model. Academy of Management Review, 16(2), 366–395.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaiser, H. (1970). A second generation little jiffy. Psychometrika, 35, 401–415.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaiser, H. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39, 31–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karacaer, S., Gohar, R., Aygün, M., & Sayin, C. (2009). Effects of personal values on auditor’s ethical decisions: a comparison of Pakistani and Turkish professional auditors. Journal of Business Ethics, 88(1), 53–64. doi:10.1007/s10551-009-0102-4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kavak, B., Gurel, E., & Eryigit, C. (2009). Examining the effects of moral development level, self-concept and self-monitoring on consumers’ ethical attitudes. Journal of Business Ethics, 88(1), 115–135. doi:10.1007/sl0551-009-0114-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khalid, R. (2016). First improve old universities before opening new ones: AQU VC. In The News(International), Jung Group. pp. 1–3.

  • Kim, S. Y., & Chun, S. Y. (2003). A study of marketing ethics in Korea: what do Koreans care about? International Journal of Management, 20(3), 377–383.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kline, R. B. (2011). Prinicples and practices of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohlberg, L. (1976). Moral stages and moralization. The cognitive-development approach. In T. Lickona (Ed.), Moral development and behavior: theory, research, and social issues (pp. 31–53). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lau, T.-C., Choe, K.-L., & Tan, L.-P. (2011). Consumers’ ethical beliefs: ascertaining the roles of money and religiosity. In International Conference on Sociality and Economics Development (Vol. 10, pp. 162–166).

  • Leitsch, D. L. (2006). Using dimensions of moral intensity to predict ethical decision-making in accounting. Accounting Education: an International Journal, 15(2), 135–149. doi:10.1080/06939280600609151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lincoln, S. H., & Holmes, E. K. (2011). Ethical decision making: a process influenced by moral intensity. Journal of Healthcare, Science and the Humanities, I(1), 55–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loe, T. W., Ferrell, L., & Mansfield, P. (2000). A review of empirical studies assessing ethical decision making in business. Journal of Business Ethics, 25, 185–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lowery, C. M., & Beadles-II, N. A. (2009). Differences ethics and non-work between of religiosity ethics, and the effects. Journal of Managerial Issues, 21(3), 421–435.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu, L.-C., & Lu, C.-J. (2010). Moral philosophy, materialism, and consumer ethics: an exploratory study in Indonesia. Journal of Business Ethics, 94(2), 193–210. doi:10.1007/sl0551-009-0256-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marques, P. A., & Azevedo-Pereira, J. (2009). Ethical ideology and ethical judgments in the Portuguese accounting profession. Journal of Business Ethics, 86, 227–242. doi:10.1007/s10551-008-9845-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • May, D. R., & Pauli, K. P. (2002). The role of moral intensity in ethical decision making. Business & Society, 41(1), 84–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McMahon, J. M., & Harvey, R. J. (2007). The effect of moral intensity on ethical judgment. Journal of Business Ethics, 72, 335–357. doi:10.1007/s10551-006-9174-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mujtaba, B. G., & Afza, T. (2011). Business ethics perceptions of public and private sector respondents in Pakistan business ethics perceptions of public and private sector respondents in Pakistan. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business, 3(1), 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muncy, J. A., & Vitell, S. J. (1992). Consumer ethics: an investigation of the ethical beliefs of the final consumer. Journal of Business Research, 24, 297–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, P. E., & Laczniak, G. R. (1981). Marketing ethics: a review with implications for managers, educators and researchers. In B. M. Enis & K. J. Roering (Eds.), Review of marketing 1981 (pp. 251–266). Chicago: American Marketing Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nazir, M. S., & Aslam, M. S. (2010). Academic dishonesty and perceptions of Pakistani students. International Journal of Educational Management, 24(7), 655–668. doi:10.1108/09513541011080020.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noor, M. (2016). International university rankings: lessons for Pakistan. Retrieved September 18, 2016, from http://balochistanvoices.com/2016/09/international-university-rankings-lessons-pakistan/

  • O’Connor, L. (2000). Pathogenic beliefs and guilt in human evolution: implications for psychotherapy. In P. Gilbert & K. Bailey (Eds.), Genes on the couch: explorations in evolutionary psychotherapy (pp. 276–303). Hove, England: Bruner-Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Fallon, M. J., & Butterfield, K. D. (2005). A review of the empirical ethical decision-making literature: 1996–2003. Journal of Business Ethics, 59(4), 375–413. doi:10.1007/s10551-005-2929-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paolillo, J. G. P., & Vitell, S. J. (2002). An empirical investigation of the influence of selected personal, organizational and moral intensity factors on ethical decision making. Journal of Business Ethics, 35, 65–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piaget, J. (1932). The moral judgment of the child. New York, NY: Free Press.

  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rallapalli, K. C., Vitell, S. J., Wiebe, F. A., & Barnes, J. H. (1994). Consumer ethical beliefs and personality traits: an exploratory study. Journal of Business Ethics, 13(7), 487–495.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ratnasingam, J. K., & Ponnu, C. (2008). The influence of consumers’ moral intensity, perceived risks and moral judgment in purchasing pirated software. Communications of the IBIMA, 1, 47–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rawwas, M. Y. A. (2001). Culture, personality and morality: a typology of international consumers’ ethical beliefs. International Marketing Review, 18(2), 188–209. Retrieved from www.emerald-library.com/ft

  • Rawwas, M. Y. A., Swaidan, Z., & Oyman, M. (2005). Consumer ethics: a cross-cultural study of the ethical beliefs of Turkish consumers. Journal of Business Ethics, 57(2), 183–195. doi:10.1007/sl0551-004-5092-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rest, J. R. (1986). Moral development: advances in research and theory. New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlegelmilch, B. B., & Magdalena, O. (2010). Half a century of marketing ethics: shifting perspectives and emerging trends. Journal of Business Ethics, 93, 1–19. doi:10.1007/s10551-009-0182-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schlegelmilch, B. Β., & Öberseder, M. (2010). Half a century of marketing ethics: shifting perspectives and emerging trends. Journal of Business Ethics, 93(1), 1–19. doi:10.1007/sl0551-009-0182-l.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shafer, W. E., Morris, R. E., & Ketchand, A. A. (2001). Effects of personal values on auditors’ ethical decisions. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 14(3), 254–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shah, S. A. M. (2013). Managing internationalization strategy with cultural realities: guidelines for higher education institutes in Pakistan. World Applied Sciences Journal, 25(11), 1542–1548. doi:10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.25.11.1508.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shah, S. A. M., & Amjad, S. (2011). Cultural diversity in Pakistan: national vs provincial. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 2(2), 331–344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singer, M. S., & Singer, A. E. (1997). Observer judgments about moral agents’ ethical decisions: the role of scope of justice and moral intensity. Journal of Business Ethics, 16(5), 473–484.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, J. J., Vitell, S. J., Al-khatib, J., & Clark III, I. (2007). The role of moral intensity and personal moral philosophies in the ethical decision making of marketers: a cross-cultural comparison of China and the United States. Journal of International Marketing, 15(2), 86–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singhapakdi, Α., Marta, J. K., Rallapalli, Κ. C., & Rao, C. P. (2000). Toward an understanding of religiousness and marketing ethics: an empirical study. Journal of Business Ethics, 27, 305–319.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singhapakdi, A., Rao, C. P., & Vitell, S. J. (1996). Ethical decision making: an investigation of services marketing professionals. Journal of Busiess Ethics, 15(6), 635–644.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singhapakdi, A., Rawwas, M. Y., Marta, J. K., & Ahmed, M. I. (1999a). A cross-cultural study of consumer perceptions about marketing ethics. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 16, 257–272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singhapakdi, A., Vitell, S. J., & Franke, G. R. (1999c). Antecedents, consequences and mediating effects of perceived moral intensity and personal moral philosophies. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Sciences, 27(1), 19–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singhapakdi, A., Vitell, S. J., Rao, C. P., & Kurtz, D. L. (1999b). Ethics gap: comparing marketers with consumers on important determinants of ethical decision-making. Journal of Business Ethics, 21(4), 317–328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steenhaut, S., & Kenhove, P. (2006). The mediating role of anticipated guilt in consumers’ ethical decision-making. Journal of Business Ethics, 69(3), 269–288 doi:10.1007/s10551-006-9090-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swaidan, Z., Rawwas, M. Y. A., & Vitell, S. J. (2008). Culture and moral ideologies of African Americans. The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 16(2), 127–137. doi:10.2753/MTP1069-6679160203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swaidan, Z., Vitell, S. J., & Rawwas, M. Y. A. (2003a). Consumer ethics: determinants of ethical beliefs of African Americans. Journal of Business Ethics, 46(2), 175–186 doi:10.1023/A:1025068902771.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swaidan, Z., Vitell, S. J., & Rawwas, M. Y. A. (2003b). Consumer ethics: determinants of ethical beliefs of African Americans. Journal of Business Ethics, 46(2), 175–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swaidan, Z., Vitell, S. J., Rose, G. M., & Gilbert, F. W. (2006a). Consumer ethics: the role acculturation in U.S. immigrant populations. Journal of Business Ethics, 64(1), 1–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swaidan, Z., Vitell, S. J., Rose, G. M., & Gilbert, F. W. (2006b). Consumer ethics: the role of acculturation in U.S. immigrant populations. Journal of Business Ethics, 64(1), 1–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sweeney, B., & Costello, F. (2009). Moral intensity and ethical decision-making: an empirical examination of undergraduate accounting and business students. Accounting Education: an International Journal, 18(1), 75–97. doi:10.1080/09639280802009454.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tabish, A. G. (2009). Comparing standards of business ethics in USA, China, Jamaica and Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 3, 49–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thurstone, L. L. (1947). Multiple factor analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trevino, L. K. (1986). Ethical decision making in organizations: a person-situation Interactionist model. The Academy of Management Review, 11(3), 601–617.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuskej, U., Golob, U., & Podnar, K. (2013). The role of consumer–brand identification in building brand relationships. Journal of Business Research, 66, 53–59. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.07.022.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vitell, S. J. (2003). Consumer ethics research: review, synthesis and suggestions for the future. Journal of Business Ethics, 43(1), 33–47. doi:10.1023/A:1022907014295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vitell, S. J. (2009). The role of religiosity and consumer ethics: a review of the literature. Journal of Business Ethics, 90, 155–167. doi:10.1007/sl0551-010-0382-8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vitell, S. J. (2014). A Case for Consumer Social Responsibility (CnSR): including a selected review of consumer ethics/social responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, Online(2012), 1–8. doi:10.1007/s10551-014-2110-2

  • Vitell, S. J., & Hidalgo, E. R. (2006). The impact of corporate ethical values and enforcement of ethical codes on the perceived importance of ethics in business: a comparison of U.S. and Spanish managers. Journal of Business Ethics, 64(1), 31–43. doi:10.1007/sl0551-005-4664-5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vitell, S. J., Lumpkin, J. R., & Rawwas, M. Y. A. (1991). Consumer ethics: an investigation of the ethical beliefs of elderly consumers Tlumpkin. Journal of Business Ethics, 10(5), 365–375.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vitell, S. J., & Muncy, J. (1992). Consumer ethics: an empirical investigation of factors influencing ethical judgments of the final consumer. Journal of Business Ethics, 11(8), 585–597 Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/25072311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vitell, S. J., & Muncy, J. (2005). The Muncy–Vitell Consumer Ethics Scale: a modification and application. Journal of Business Ethics, 62, 267–275. doi:10.1007/s10551-005-7058-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vitell, S. J., Nwachukwu, S. L., & Barnes, H. J. (1993). The effects of culture on ethical decision-making: an application of Hofstede’s typology. Journal of Business Ethics, 12(10), 753–760.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vitell, S. J., Paolillo, J. G. P., Singh, J. J., & Singh, J. (2006). The role of money and religiosity in determining consumers’ ethical beliefs. Journal of Business Ethics, 64(2), 117–124. doi:10.1007/sl0551-005-1901-x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vitell, S. J., Ramos, E., & Nishihara, C. M. (2010). The role of ethics and social responsibility in organizational success: a Spanish perspective. Journal of Busiess Ethics, 91(4), 467–483.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vitell, S. J., & Singhapakdi, A. (2008). The role of ethics institutionalization in influencing organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and esprit de corps. Journal of Business Ethics, 81(2), 343–353.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zey-Ferrell, M., & Ferrell, O. C. (1982). Role-set configuration and opportunity as predictors of unethical behavior in organizations. Human Relations, 35, 587–604.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, X., Lynch Jr., J. G., & Chen, Q. (2010). Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: myths and truths about mediation analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(2), 197–206. doi:10.1086/651257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan

    Syed Afzal Moshadi Shah & Shehla Amjad

Authors
  1. Syed Afzal Moshadi Shah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Shehla Amjad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Syed Afzal Moshadi Shah.

Appendix

Appendix

Table 11 Ethical ideology measures adopted from Forsyth (1980)
Full size table
Table 12 Consumer ethical beliefs adopted from Muncy and Vitell (1992)
Full size table
Table 13 Moral intensity adopted from Paolillo and Vitell (2002) and Singh et al. (2007)
Full size table

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Shah, S.A.M., Amjad, S. Investigating moral ideology, ethical beliefs, and moral intensity among consumers of Pakistan. Asian J Bus Ethics 6, 153–187 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13520-016-0070-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13520-016-0070-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation