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The predictive value of diabetes-related antibodies in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus and their siblings

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Abstract

The purpose of this study is to screen for diabetes-related antibodies in newly diagnosed type I diabetes Saudi children, and their non-diabetic siblings. We studied 69 newly diagnosed type 1 diabetic Saudis (35 girls, 34 boys), 60 non-diabetic siblings (1 to 17 years), and 42 age- and sex-matched controls not having type 1 diabetes. Their sera were tested for insulin autoantibodies (IAA), antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65A) and protein tyrosine phosphatase-2 antibodies (IA-2) using 125I radioimmunoassays. Fifty-two percent of patients were significantly positive for IAA compared to controls (4.9 %). A total of 50.7 % of patients were also significantly positive for IA-2 compared to controls (4.8 %) (p < 0.0001). GAD65 antibody was detected in 81.2 % of the patients and in none of the controls (p < 0.0001). Both IAA and IA-2 are significantly higher among younger age group, unlike GAD65A, which is significantly higher among older age groups. In non-diabetic siblings, the frequencies of IAA, IA-2, and GAD65A were 6.8, 5.2, and 10.2 % (0.039), respectively, which were higher than in controls. IAA and IA-2 titers were significantly high among younger age group (<0.027), and GAD65A is significantly higher among older age group. A total of 21.6 % of diabetics were positive for all the three antibodies and 3.4 % in siblings. A total of 35.3 % were positive for two antibodies and none in siblings, while 39.2 % were positive for one antibody and 11.9 % in siblings. The combined GAD65 and IA-2 was positive in 81.3 % of young age, 80 % of middle, and in 100 % of the old age group. The screening of type 1 diabetes among Saudis showed the presence of diabetes-related antibodies in 96.1 % of all newly diagnosed patients, compared to 11.9 % of controls (non-diabetic siblings). IAA and IA-2 were significantly higher among younger age groups; GAD65A was significantly higher among older age. The combined GAD65 and IA-2 tests can be considered as a sensitive marker for predicting the occurrence of the disease in individuals at risk of type 1 diabetes in Saudis.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (grant reference number MS-4-46). We thank Dr. S. Abdelrahman at the Sulimania Pediatric Hospital for referring patients to the study.

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  1. Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    S. A. Awadalla & M. AL-Hakbani

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  1. S. A. Awadalla
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  2. M. AL-Hakbani
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Correspondence to S. A. Awadalla.

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All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

The authors declare that they have no competing interests. We confirm that the manuscript has been read and approved by all named authors and that there are no other persons who satisfied the criteria for authorship but are not listed. We further confirm that the order of authors listed in the manuscript has been approved by all of us. We confirm that we have given due consideration to the protection of intellectual property associated with this work and that there are no impediments to publication, including the timing of publication, with respect to intellectual property.

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Awadalla, S.A., AL-Hakbani, M. The predictive value of diabetes-related antibodies in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus and their siblings. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 37, 248–253 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13410-016-0480-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13410-016-0480-y

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