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Adsorptive potential of coconut fruit shell biochar as low-cost adsorbent for sequestration of rhodamine B dye: kinetics, thermodynamics and phytotoxicity studies

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Abstract

The present study aims to use coconut fruit shell biochar (CFSB), an efficient sorbent for Rhodamine B dye (RhB) elimination from aqueous solution. The availability of functional groups and morphology of CFSB surface were analyzed by applying Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Batch experiments were executed to test impact of pH, contact time, concentration of dye, biochar amount, agitation speed, temperature on RhB dye elimination from aqueous solution by CFSB. Maximum 96% RhB dye removal was reported at pH 2 by CFSB with RhB dye (250 mg/L concentration). Experimental results were found with best agreement with pseudo second order kinetic model. Equilibrium data were explained with Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin models but results demonstrated best fit with Langmuir model with a higher correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.9818) and 8.1 mg/g monolayer RhB dye uptake potential. Thermodynamic assessment depicted Gibb's free energy change (ΔG°) had negative values, confirming spontaneity and feasibility of sorption process. Enthalpy (ΔH°) and entropy (ΔS°) changes were 32.039 kJ mol−1 and 92.802 J K−1), respectively. More importantly, even after five adsorption and desorption cycles, CFSB reflected 43% uptake capacity for RhB dye, suggesting that CFSB has a good practical application prospects. Phytotoxicity investigation revealed that CFSB treated solution of RhB dye increased growth of mung bean seedling and biochemical constituents. Therefore, coconut fruit shell biochar can be applied as economic green material for removal of RhB dye from contaminated water and transform industrial effluents into reusable asset.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the Researchers Supporting Project Number (RSP2024R326), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201 313, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Riti Thapar Kapoor

  2. Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia

    Mohd Rafatullah

  3. Renewable Biomass Transformation Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia

    Mohd Rafatullah

  4. Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Masoom Raza Siddiqui

  5. Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, 123, Dongdaero, Gyeongju-Si, 780714, Republic of Korea

    Mahboob Alam

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  1. Riti Thapar Kapoor
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  4. Mahboob Alam
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Contributions

Conceptualization, RTK, MR, and MRS, Methodology, RTK, MR and MRS, Supervision, MR and MA; Writing-original Draft preparation, RTK, MR and MRS; Writing-Review & Editing, MR and MA; Funding acquisition MRS. All authors have read and agreed to the submitted version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Riti Thapar Kapoor.

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Kapoor, R.T., Rafatullah, M., Siddiqui, M.R. et al. Adsorptive potential of coconut fruit shell biochar as low-cost adsorbent for sequestration of rhodamine B dye: kinetics, thermodynamics and phytotoxicity studies. Biomass Conv. Bioref. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-024-05688-x

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